imach/src/imach.c - diff

Return to imach.c CVS log

Up to [Local Repository] / imach / src

Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.201 and 1.226

-version 1.201, 2015/09/15 17:34:58
+version 1.226, 2016/07/12 18:42:34
  Line 1
  /* $Id$
    $State$
    $Log$
+   Revision 1.226  2016/07/12 18:42:34  brouard
+   Summary: temp
+   Revision 1.225  2016/07/12 08:40:03  brouard
+   Summary: saving but not running
+   Revision 1.224  2016/07/01 13:16:01  brouard
+   Summary: Fixes
+   Revision 1.223  2016/02/19 09:23:35  brouard
+   Summary: temporary
+   Revision 1.222  2016/02/17 08:14:50  brouard
+   Summary: Probably last 0.98 stable version 0.98r6
+   Revision 1.221  2016/02/15 23:35:36  brouard
+   Summary: minor bug
+   Revision 1.219  2016/02/15 00:48:12  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.218  2016/02/12 11:29:23  brouard
+   Summary: 0.99 Back projections
+   Revision 1.217  2015/12/23 17:18:31  brouard
+   Summary: Experimental backcast
+   Revision 1.216  2015/12/18 17:32:11  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r4 Warning and status=-2
+   Version 0.98r4 is now:
+    - displaying an error when status is -1, date of interview unknown and date of death known;
+    - permitting a status -2 when the vital status is unknown at a known date of right truncation.
+   Older changes concerning s=-2, dating from 2005 have been supersed.
+   Revision 1.215  2015/12/16 08:52:24  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r4 working
+   Revision 1.214  2015/12/16 06:57:54  brouard
+   Summary: temporary not working
+   Revision 1.213  2015/12/11 18:22:17  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r4
+   Revision 1.212  2015/11/21 12:47:24  brouard
+   Summary: minor typo
+   Revision 1.211  2015/11/21 12:41:11  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r3 with some graph of projected cross-sectional
+   Author: Nicolas Brouard
+   Revision 1.210  2015/11/18 17:41:20  brouard
+   Summary: Start working on projected prevalences
+   Revision 1.209  2015/11/17 22:12:03  brouard
+   Summary: Adding ftolpl parameter
+   Author: N Brouard
+   We had difficulties to get smoothed confidence intervals. It was due
+   to the period prevalence which wasn't computed accurately. The inner
+   parameter ftolpl is now an outer parameter of the .imach parameter
+   file after estepm. If ftolpl is small 1.e-4 and estepm too,
+   computation are long.
+   Revision 1.208  2015/11/17 14:31:57  brouard
+   Summary: temporary
+   Revision 1.207  2015/10/27 17:36:57  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.206  2015/10/24 07:14:11  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.205  2015/10/23 15:50:53  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r3 some clarification for graphs on likelihood contributions
+   Revision 1.204  2015/10/01 16:20:26  brouard
+   Summary: Some new graphs of contribution to likelihood
+   Revision 1.203  2015/09/30 17:45:14  brouard
+   Summary: looking at better estimation of the hessian
+   Also a better criteria for convergence to the period prevalence And
+   therefore adding the number of years needed to converge. (The
+   prevalence in any alive state shold sum to one
+   Revision 1.202  2015/09/22 19:45:16  brouard
+   Summary: Adding some overall graph on contribution to likelihood. Might change
    Revision 1.201  2015/09/15 17:34:58  brouard
    Summary: 0.98r0
- Line 585
+ Line 675
    hPijx.
    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence.
+ Back prevalence and projections:
+  - back_prevalence_limit(double *p, double **bprlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass, int mobilavproj)
+     Computes the back prevalence limit  for any combination     of covariate values k
+     at any age between ageminpar and agemaxpar and returns it in **bprlim. In the loops,
+    - **bprevalim(**bprlim, ***mobaverage, nlstate, *p, age, **oldm, **savm, **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
+  - hBijx Back Probability to be in state i at age x-h being in j at x
+    Computes for any combination of covariates k and any age between bage and fage
+    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+                         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+          - hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
+      Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
+      'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
+      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
+      nhstepm*hstepm matrices. Returns p3mat[i][j][h] after calling
+      p3mat[i][j][h]=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij),\
+,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
+ Important routines
+ - func (or funcone), computes logit (pij) distinguishing
+   o fixed variables (single or product dummies or quantitative);
+   o varying variables by:
+    (1) wave (single, product dummies, quantitative),
+    (2) by age (can be month) age (done), age*age (done), age*Vn where Vn can be:
+        % fixed dummy (treated) or quantitative (not done because time-consuming);
+        % varying dummy (not done) or quantitative (not done);
+ - Tricode which tests the modality of dummy variables (in order to warn with wrong or empty modalities)
+   and returns the number of efficient covariates cptcoveff and modalities nbcode[Tvar[k]][1]= 0 and nbcode[Tvar[k]][2]= 1 usually.
+ - printinghtml which outputs results like life expectancy in and from a state for a combination of modalities of dummy variables
+   o There are 2*cptcoveff combinations of (0,1) for cptcoveff variables. Outputting only combinations with people, éliminating 1 1 if
+     race White (0 0), Black vs White (1 0), Hispanic (0 1) and 1 1 being meaningless.
    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
- Line 644
+ Line 768
  /* #define DEBUG */
  /* #define DEBUGBRENT */
+ /* #define DEBUGLINMIN */
+ /* #define DEBUGHESS */
+ #define DEBUGHESSIJ
+ /* #define LINMINORIGINAL  /\* Don't use loop on scale in linmin (accepting nan) *\/ */
  #define POWELL /* Instead of NLOPT */
- #define POWELLF1F3 /* Skip test */
+ #define POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST /* Skip test */
  /* #define POWELLORIGINAL /\* Don't use Directest to decide new direction but original Powell test *\/ */
  /* #define MNBRAKORIGINAL /\* Don't use mnbrak fix *\/ */
- Line 653
+ Line 781
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <string.h>
+ #include <ctype.h>
  #ifdef _WIN32
  #include <io.h>
- Line 715  typedef struct {
+ Line 844  typedef struct {
  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
  #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
+ /*#define decodtabm(h,k,cptcoveff)= (h <= (1<<cptcoveff)?(((h-1) >> (k-1)) & 1) +1 : -1)*/
+ #define decodtabm(h,k,cptcoveff) (((h-1) >> (k-1)) & 1) +1
  #define MAXN 20000
  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
- #define AGESUP 130
+ /* #define AGESUP 130 */
+ #define AGESUP 150
+ #define AGEMARGE 25 /* Marge for agemin and agemax for(iage=agemin-AGEMARGE; iage <= agemax+3+AGEMARGE; iage++) */
  #define AGEBASE 40
  #define AGEOVERFLOW 1.e20
  #define AGEGOMP 10 /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
- Line 735  typedef struct {
+ Line 868  typedef struct {
  /* $State$ */
  #include "version.h"
  char version[]=__IMACH_VERSION__;
- char copyright[]="September 2015,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121), Intel Software 2015";
+ char copyright[]="February 2016,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121), Intel Software 2015-2018";
  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$";
  char strstart[80];
  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
- Line 744  int nagesqr=0, nforce=0; /* nagesqr=1 if
+ Line 877  int nagesqr=0, nforce=0; /* nagesqr=1 if
  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
- int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
+ int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates in the model V2+V1 =2 */
+ int cptcovsnq=0; /**< cptcovsnq number of simple covariates in the model but non quantitative V2+V1 =2 */
  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */
  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
+ int ncoveff=0; /* Total number of effective covariates in the model */
+ int nqfveff=0; /**< nqfveff Number of Quantitative Fixed Variables Effective */
+ int ntveff=0; /**< ntveff number of effective time varying variables */
+ int nqtveff=0; /**< ntqveff number of effective time varying quantitative variables */
  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
+ int ncovcombmax=NCOVMAX; /* Maximum calculated number of covariate combination = pow(2, cptcoveff) */
  int npar=NPARMAX;
  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
+ int  nqv=0, ntv=0, nqtv=0;    /* Total number of quantitative variables, time variable (dummy), quantitative and time variable */
  int popbased=0;
  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
- Line 771  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2
+ Line 911  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2
  double **matprod2(); /* test */
  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
+ double   **ddnewms, **ddoldms, **ddsavms; /* for freeing later */
  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
- FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
+ FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficresphtm, *ficresphtmfr, *ficrespl, *ficresplb,*ficrespij, *ficrespijb, *ficrest,*ficresf, *ficresfb,*ficrespop;
  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
- Line 795  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
+ Line 937  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
  FILE  *ficresvpl;
  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char title[MAXLINE];
- char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
+ char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH],  fileresplb[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
  int  outcmd=0;
- char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
+ char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespijb[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
- char fileresu[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Without r in front */
+ char fileresu[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* fileres without r in front */
  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
- Line 878  int *ncodemaxwundef;  /* ncodemax[j]= Nu
+ Line 1020  int *ncodemaxwundef;  /* ncodemax[j]= Nu
                               covariate for which somebody answered including
                               undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
- double **pmmij, ***probs;
+ double **pmmij, ***probs; /* Global pointer */
+ double ***mobaverage, ***mobaverages; /* New global variable */
  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
  double dateintmean=0;
- Line 888  double *agedc;
+ Line 1031  double *agedc;
  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*age; */
+ double **coqvar; /* Fixed quantitative covariate iqv */
+ double ***cotvar; /* Time varying covariate itv */
+ double ***cotqvar; /* Time varying quantitative covariate itqv */
  double  idx;
  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
+ int *Typevar; /**< 0 for simple covariate (dummy, quantitative, fixed or varying), 1 for age product, 2 for  product */
+ int *Fixed; /** Fixed[Tvar[k]] 0=fixed, 1 varying, 2 fixed with age product, 3 varying with age product */
+ int *Dummy; /** Dummy[Tvar[k]] 0=dummy (0 1), 1 quantitative (single or product without age), 2 dummy with age product, 3 quant with age product */
  int *Tage;
  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
  /* int **codtab;*/ /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
- int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
+ int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff, *invalidvarcomb;
  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
- Line 926  static int split( char *path, char *dirc
+ Line 1075  static int split( char *path, char *dirc
      }
      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
-   } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
+   } else {                              /* strip directory from path */
      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
- Line 1334  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *pre
+ Line 1483  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *pre
    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
    return tmpout;
  }
+ /*************** function subdirfext ***********/
+ char *subdirfext(char fileres[], char *preop, char *postop)
+ {
+   strcpy(tmpout,preop);
+   strcat(tmpout,fileres);
+   strcat(tmpout,postop);
+   return tmpout;
+ }
+ /*************** function subdirfext3 ***********/
+ char *subdirfext3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *postop)
+ {
+   /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
+   strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
+   strcat(tmpout,"/");
+   strcat(tmpout,preop);
+   strcat(tmpout,fileres);
+   strcat(tmpout,postop);
+   return tmpout;
+ }
  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
  {
    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
- Line 1412  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
+ Line 1584  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
        etemp=e;
        e=d;
        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))
-         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));
+                                 d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));
        else {
-         d=p/q;
+                                 d=p/q;
-         u=x+d;
+                                 u=x+d;
-         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)
+                                 if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)
-           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);
+                                         d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);
        }
      } else {
        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));
- Line 1431  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
+ Line 1603  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
      } else {
        if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;
        if (fu <= fw || w == x) {
-         v=w;
+                                 v=w;
-         w=u;
+                                 w=u;
-         fv=fw;
+                                 fv=fw;
-         fw=fu;
+                                 fw=fu;
        } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {
-         v=u;
+                                 v=u;
-         fv=fu;
+                                 fv=fu;
        }
      }
    }
- Line 1478  values at the three points, fa, fb , and
+ Line 1650  values at the three points, fa, fb , and
    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);
    *fc=(*func)(*cx);
  #ifdef DEBUG
-   printf("mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
+   printf("mnbrak0 a=%lf *fa=%lf, b=%lf *fb=%lf, c=%lf *fc=%lf\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx, *fc);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"mnbrak0 a=%lf *fa=%lf, b=%lf *fb=%lf, c=%lf *fc=%lf\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx, *fc);
  #endif
-   while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining a,b,c with fa> fb > fc */
+   while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining a,b,c with fa> fb > fc. If fc=inf it exits and if flat fb=fc it exits too.*/
      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);
-     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);
+     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); /* What if fa=inf */
      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/
        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); /* Minimum abscissa of a parabolic estimated from (a,fa), (b,fb) and (c,fc). */
      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); /* Maximum abscissa where function should be evaluated */
- Line 1494  values at the three points, fa, fb , and
+ Line 1666  values at the three points, fa, fb , and
        double A, fparabu;
        A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
        fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
-       printf("mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
+       printf("\nmnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f, q=%lf < %lf=r)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu,q,r);
-       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f, q=%lf < %lf=r)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu,q,r);
        /* And thus,it can be that fu > *fc even if fparabu < *fc */
        /* mnbrak (*ax=7.666299858533, *fa=299039.693133272231), (*bx=8.595447774979, *fb=298976.598289369489),
          (*cx=10.098840694817, *fc=298946.631474258087),  (*u=9.852501168332, fu=298948.773013752128, fparabu=298945.434711494134) */
- Line 1528  values at the three points, fa, fb , and
+ Line 1700  values at the three points, fa, fb , and
  /*      fu = *fc; */
  /*      *fc =dum; */
  /*       } */
- #ifdef DEBUG
+ #ifdef DEBUGMNBRAK
-       printf("mnbrak34  fu < or >= fc \n");
+                  double A, fparabu;
-       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak34 fu < fc\n");
+      A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
+      fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
+      printf("\nmnbrak35 ax=%lf fa=%lf bx=%lf fb=%lf, u=%lf fp=%lf fu=%lf < or >= fc=%lf cx=%lf, q=%lf < %lf=r \n",*ax, *fa, *bx,*fb,u,fparabu,fu,*fc,*cx,q,r);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak35 ax=%lf fa=%lf bx=%lf fb=%lf, u=%lf fp=%lf fu=%lf < or >= fc=%lf cx=%lf, q=%lf < %lf=r \n",*ax, *fa, *bx,*fb,u,fparabu,fu,*fc,*cx,q,r);
  #endif
        dum=u; /* Shifting c and u */
        u = *cx;
- Line 1541  values at the three points, fa, fb , and
+ Line 1716  values at the three points, fa, fb , and
  #endif
      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { /* u is after c but before ulim */
  #ifdef DEBUG
-       printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim\n");
+       printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim\n",u,*cx);
-       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim\n",u,*cx);
  #endif
        fu=(*func)(u);
        if (fu < *fc) {
  #ifdef DEBUG
-       printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim AND fu < fc\n");
+                                 printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim=%lf AND fu=%lf < %lf=fc\n",u,*cx,ulim,fu, *fc);
-       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim AND fu <fc \n");
+                           fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim=%lf AND fu=%lf < %lf=fc\n",u,*cx,ulim,fu, *fc);
+ #endif
+                           SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))
+                                 SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+                                         printf("\nmnbrak2 shift GOLD c=%lf",*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx));
  #endif
-         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))
-         SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))
        }
      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { /* u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c) */
  #ifdef DEBUG
-       printf("mnbrak2  u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
+       printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf outside ulim=%lf (verifying that ulim is beyond c=%lf)\n",u,ulim,*cx);
-       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf outside ulim=%lf (verifying that ulim is beyond c=%lf)\n",u,ulim,*cx);
  #endif
        u=ulim;
        fu=(*func)(u);
      } else { /* u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum) */
  #ifdef DEBUG
-       printf("mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
+       printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf could be left to b=%lf (if r=%lf > q=%lf parabola has a maximum)\n",u,*bx,r,q);
-       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf could be left to b=%lf (if r=%lf > q=%lf parabola has a maximum)\n",u,*bx,r,q);
  #endif
        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);
        fu=(*func)(u);
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+       printf("\nmnbrak2 new u=%lf fu=%lf shifted gold left from c=%lf and b=%lf \n",u,fu,*cx,*bx);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2 new u=%lf fu=%lf shifted gold left from c=%lf and b=%lf \n",u,fu,*cx,*bx);
+ #endif
      } /* end tests */
      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)
      SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)
  #ifdef DEBUG
-       printf("mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
+       printf("\nmnbrak2 shift (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc);
-       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
+       fprintf(ficlog, "\nmnbrak2 shift (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc);
  #endif
    } /* end while; ie return (a, b, c, fa, fb, fc) such that a < b < c with f(a) > f(b) and fb < f(c) */
  }
- Line 1587  int ncom;
+ Line 1769  int ncom;
  double *pcom,*xicom;
  double (*nrfunc)(double []);
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))
+ #else
+ void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []), int *flat)
+ #endif
  {
    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,
                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);
- Line 1598  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int
+ Line 1784  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int
    double xx,xmin,bx,ax;
    double fx,fb,fa;
-   double scale=10., axs, xxs, xxss; /* Scale added for infinity */
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+   double scale=10., axs, xxs; /* Scale added for infinity */
+ #endif
    ncom=n;
    pcom=vector(1,n);
    xicom=vector(1,n);
    nrfunc=func;
    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
      pcom[j]=p[j];
-     xicom[j]=xi[j];
+     xicom[j]=xi[j]; /* Former scale xi[j] of currrent direction i */
    }
-   /* axs=0.0; */
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
-   /* xxss=1; /\* 1 and using scale *\/ */
+   xx=1.;
-   xxs=1;
+ #else
-   /* do{ */
+   axs=0.0;
-     ax=0.;
+   xxs=1.;
+   do{
      xx= xxs;
+ #endif
+     ax=0.;
      mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  /* Outputs: xtx[j]=pcom[j]+(*xx)*xicom[j]; fx=f(xtx[j]) */
      /* brackets with inputs ax=0 and xx=1, but points, pcom=p, and directions values, xicom=xi, are sent via f1dim(x) */
      /* xt[x,j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]  f(ax) = f(xt(a,j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 0 * xi(j)) and  f(xx) = f(xt(x, j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 1 * xi(j))   */
- Line 1622  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int
+ Line 1814  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int
      /* Given input ax=axs and xx=xxs, xx might be too far from ax to get a finite f(xx) */
      /* Searches on line, outputs (ax, xx, bx) such that fx < min(fa and fb) */
      /* Find a bracket a,x,b in direction n=xi ie xicom, order may change. Scale is [0:xxs*xi[j]] et non plus  [0:xi[j]]*/
-   /*   if (fx != fx){ */
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
-   /*    xxs=xxs/scale; /\* Trying a smaller xx, closer to initial ax=0 *\/ */
+ #else
-   /*    printf("\nLinmin NAN : input [axs=%lf:xxs=%lf], mnbrak outputs fx=%lf <(fb=%lf and fa=%lf) with xx=%lf in [ax=%lf:bx=%lf] \n",  axs, xxs, fx,fb, fa, xx, ax, bx); */
+     if (fx != fx){
-   /*   } */
+                         xxs=xxs/scale; /* Trying a smaller xx, closer to initial ax=0 */
-   /* }while(fx != fx); */
+                         printf("|");
+                         fprintf(ficlog,"|");
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+                         printf("\nLinmin NAN : input [axs=%lf:xxs=%lf], mnbrak outputs fx=%lf <(fb=%lf and fa=%lf) with xx=%lf in [ax=%lf:bx=%lf] \n",  axs, xxs, fx,fb, fa, xx, ax, bx);
+ #endif
+     }
+   }while(fx != fx && xxs > 1.e-5);
+ #endif
  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
    printf("\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
+ #endif
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+         if(fb == fx){ /* Flat function in the direction */
+                 xmin=xx;
+     *flat=1;
+         }else{
+     *flat=0;
  #endif
+                 /*Flat mnbrak2 shift (*ax=0.000000000000, *fa=51626.272983130431), (*bx=-1.618034000000, *fb=51590.149499362531), (*cx=-4.236068025156, *fc=51590.149499362531) */
    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); /* Giving a bracketting triplet (ax, xx, bx), find a minimum, xmin, according to f1dim, *fret(xmin),*/
    /* fa = f(p[j] + ax * xi[j]), fx = f(p[j] + xx * xi[j]), fb = f(p[j] + bx * xi[j]) */
    /* fmin = f(p[j] + xmin * xi[j]) */
    /* P+lambda n in that direction (lambdamin), with TOL between abscisses */
    /* f1dim(xmin): for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+xmin*xicom[j]; */
  #ifdef DEBUG
-   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
+   printf("retour brent from bracket (a=%lf fa=%lf, xx=%lf fx=%lf, b=%lf fb=%lf): fret=%lf xmin=%lf\n",ax,fa,xx,fx,bx,fb,*fret,xmin);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent from bracket (a=%lf fa=%lf, xx=%lf fx=%lf, b=%lf fb=%lf): fret=%lf xmin=%lf\n",ax,fa,xx,fx,bx,fb,*fret,xmin);
+ #endif
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+                         }
  #endif
  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
    printf("linmin end ");
+   fprintf(ficlog,"linmin end ");
  #endif
    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
-     /* printf(" before xi[%d]=%12.8f", j,xi[j]); */
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
-     xi[j] *= xmin; /* xi rescaled by xmin: if xmin=-1.237 and xi=(1,0,...,0) xi=(-1.237,0,...,0) */
+     xi[j] *= xmin;
-     /* if(xxs <1.0) */
+ #else
-     /*   printf(" after xi[%d]=%12.8f, xmin=%12.8f, ax=%12.8f, xx=%12.8f, bx=%12.8f, xxs=%12.8f", j,xi[j], xmin, ax, xx, bx,xxs ); */
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+     if(xxs <1.0)
+       printf(" before xi[%d]=%12.8f", j,xi[j]);
+ #endif
+     xi[j] *= xmin*xxs; /* xi rescaled by xmin and number of loops: if xmin=-1.237 and xi=(1,0,...,0) xi=(-1.237,0,...,0) */
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+     if(xxs <1.0)
+       printf(" after xi[%d]=%12.8f, xmin=%12.8f, ax=%12.8f, xx=%12.8f, bx=%12.8f, xxs=%12.8f", j,xi[j], xmin, ax, xx, bx,xxs );
+ #endif
+ #endif
      p[j] += xi[j]; /* Parameters values are updated accordingly */
    }
-   /* printf("\n"); */
  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+   printf("\n");
    printf("Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
-     printf(" xi[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
+     printf(" xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
-     if(j % ncovmodel == 0)
+     fprintf(ficlog," xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
+     if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
        printf("\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+     }
    }
+ #else
  #endif
    free_vector(xicom,1,n);
    free_vector(pcom,1,n);
- Line 1673  such that failure to decrease by more th
+ Line 1901  such that failure to decrease by more th
  output, p is set to the best point found, xi is the then-current direction set, fret is the returned
  function value at p , and iter is the number of iterations taken. The routine linmin is used.
   */
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+         int *flatdir; /* Function is vanishing in that direction */
+         int flat=0, flatd=0; /* Function is vanishing in that direction */
+ #endif
  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,
              double (*func)(double []))
  {
-   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,
                double (*func)(double []));
+ #else
+  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,
+                                                  double (*func)(double []),int *flat);
+ #endif
    int i,ibig,j;
    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
    double directest;
    double fp,fptt;
    double *xits;
    int niterf, itmp;
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+   flatdir=ivector(1,n);
+   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) flatdir[j]=0;
+ #endif
    pt=vector(1,n);
    ptt=vector(1,n);
- Line 1691  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 1935  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
    xits=vector(1,n);
    *fret=(*func)(p);
    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];
-     rcurr_time = time(NULL);
+   rcurr_time = time(NULL);
    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {
      fp=(*fret); /* From former iteration or initial value */
      ibig=0;
- Line 1717  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 1961  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
        rforecast_time=rcurr_time;
        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
-         strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
+                                 strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for the last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
-         rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
+                                 rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
-         forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
+                                 forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
-         strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
+                                 strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
-         itmp = strlen(strfor);
+                                 itmp = strlen(strfor);
-         if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
+                                 if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
-         strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
+                                         strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
-         printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
+                                 printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
        }
      }
      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { /* For each direction i */
        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; /* Directions stored from previous iteration with previous scales */
        fptt=(*fret);
  #ifdef DEBUG
-           printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
+       printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
-           fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
+       fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
  #endif
-           printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout); /* print direction (parameter) i */
+       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout); /* print direction (parameter) i */
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
-                                     /* Outputs are fret(new point p) p is updated and xit rescaled */
+ #else
+       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func,&flat); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
+                         flatdir[i]=flat; /* Function is vanishing in that direction i */
+ #endif
+                         /* Outputs are fret(new point p) p is updated and xit rescaled */
        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { /* We are keeping the max gain on each of the n directions */
-         /* because that direction will be replaced unless the gain del is small */
+                                 /* because that direction will be replaced unless the gain del is small */
-         /* in comparison with the 'probable' gain, mu^2, with the last average direction. */
+                                 /* in comparison with the 'probable' gain, mu^2, with the last average direction. */
-         /* Unless the n directions are conjugate some gain in the determinant may be obtained */
+                                 /* Unless the n directions are conjugate some gain in the determinant may be obtained */
-         /* with the new direction. */
+                                 /* with the new direction. */
-         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));
+                                 del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));
-         ibig=i;
+                                 ibig=i;
        }
  #ifdef DEBUG
        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
-         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
+                                 xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
-         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
+                                 printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
-         fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
        }
        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
-         printf(" p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
+                                 printf(" p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
-         fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
- Line 1769  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 2018  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
      /* Convergence test will use last linmin estimation (fret) and compare former iteration (fp) */
      /* But p and xit have been updated at the end of linmin, *fret corresponds to new p, xit  */
      /* New value of last point Pn is not computed, P(n-1) */
+       for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+                                 if(flatdir[j] >0){
+                                         printf(" p(%d)=%lf flat=%d ",j,p[j],flatdir[j]);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%lf flat=%d ",j,p[j],flatdir[j]);
+                                 }
+                                 /* printf("\n"); */
+                                 /* fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
+                         }
      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) { /* Did we reach enough precision? */
        /* We could compare with a chi^2. chisquare(0.95,ddl=1)=3.84 */
        /* By adding age*age in a model, the new -2LL should be lower and the difference follows a */
- Line 1777  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 2034  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
        /* By adding age*age and V1*age the gain (-2LL) should be more than 5.99 (ddl=2) */
        /* By using V1+V2+V3, the gain should be  7.82, compared with basic 1+age. */
        /* By adding 10 parameters more the gain should be 18.31 */
        /* Starting the program with initial values given by a former maximization will simply change */
        /* the scales of the directions and the directions, because the are reset to canonical directions */
        /* Thus the first calls to linmin will give new points and better maximizations until fp-(*fret) is */
- Line 1805  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 2062  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
        }
  #endif
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+       free_ivector(flatdir,1,n);
+ #endif
        free_vector(xit,1,n);
        free_vector(xits,1,n);
        free_vector(ptt,1,n);
- Line 1819  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 2079  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
        pt[j]=p[j];
      }
      fptt=(*func)(ptt); /* f_3 */
- #ifdef POWELLF1F3
+ #ifdef NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  /* No change in drections until some iterations are done */
+                 if (*iter <=4) {
+ #else
+ #endif
+ #ifdef POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST    /* skips test F3 <F1 */
  #else
      if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
  #endif
- Line 1828  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 2092  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
        /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere.  */
        /* Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3) */
        /* will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f"m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
-       /* Conditional for using this new direction is that mu^2 = (f1-2f2+f3)^2 /2 < del */
+       /* Conditional for using this new direction is that mu^2 = (f1-2f2+f3)^2 /2 < del or directest <0 */
+       /* also  lamda^2=(f1-f2)^2/mu² is a parasite solution of powell */
+       /* For powell, inclusion of this average direction is only if t(del)<0 or del inbetween mu^2 and lambda^2 */
        /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
+       /*  Even if f3 <f1, directest can be negative and t >0 */
+       /* mu² and del² are equal when f3=f1 */
+                         /* f3 < f1 : mu² < del <= lambda^2 both test are equivalent */
+                         /* f3 < f1 : mu² < lambda^2 < del then directtest is negative and powell t is positive */
+                         /* f3 > f1 : lambda² < mu^2 < del then t is negative and directest >0  */
+                         /* f3 > f1 : lambda² < del < mu^2 then t is positive and directest >0  */
  #ifdef NRCORIGINAL
        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)- del*SQR(fp-fptt); /* Original Numerical Recipes in C*/
  #else
        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del); /* Intel compiler doesn't work on one line; bug reported */
        t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
  #endif
-       directest = fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt - 2.0 * del; /* If del was big enough we change it for a new direction */
+       directest = fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt - 2.0 * del; /* If delta was big enough we change it for a new direction */
  #ifdef DEBUG
        printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf  directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
        fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
- Line 1851  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 2123  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
        if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
  #else
        if (directest*t < 0.0) { /* Contradiction between both tests */
-         printf("directest= %.12lf, t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt,del);
+                                 printf("directest= %.12lf (if <0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt,del);
          printf("f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"directest= %.12lf, t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt, del);
+         fprintf(ficlog,"directest= %.12lf (if directest<0 or t<0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt, del);
          fprintf(ficlog,"f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
        }
        if (directest < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
  #endif
  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
-         printf("Before linmin in direction P%d-P0\n",n);
+                                 printf("Before linmin in direction P%d-P0\n",n);
-         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+                                 for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
-           printf("Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
+                                         printf(" Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
-           if(j % ncovmodel == 0)
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
-             printf("\n");
+                                         if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
-         }
+                                                 printf("\n");
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                         }
+                                 }
  #endif
-         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
- #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+                                 linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
-         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+ #else
-           printf("After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
+                                 linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func,&flat); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
-           if(j % ncovmodel == 0)
+                                 flatdir[i]=flat; /* Function is vanishing in that direction i */
-             printf("\n");
-         }
  #endif
-         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
-           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace direction with biggest decrease by last direction n */
-           xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and this nth direction by the by the average p_0 p_n */
-         }
-         printf("Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+                                 for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+                                         printf("After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
+                                         if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
+                                                 printf("\n");
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                         }
+                                 }
+ #endif
+                                 for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+                                         xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace direction with biggest decrease by last direction n */
+                                         xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and this nth direction by the by the average p_0 p_n */
+                                 }
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+                                 for (j=1, flatd=0;j<=n;j++) {
+                                         if(flatdir[j]>0)
+                                                 flatd++;
+                                 }
+                                 if(flatd >0){
+                                         printf("%d flat directions\n",flatd);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"%d flat directions\n",flatd);
+                                         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+                                                 if(flatdir[j]>0){
+                                                         printf("%d ",j);
+                                                         fprintf(ficlog,"%d ",j);
+                                                 }
+                                         }
+                                         printf("\n");
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                 }
+ #endif
+                                 printf("Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
  #ifdef DEBUG
-         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
+                                 printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
-         for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
+                                 for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
-           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
+                                         printf(" %lf",xit[j]);
-           fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," %lf",xit[j]);
-         }
+                                 }
-         printf("\n");
+                                 printf("\n");
-         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
  #endif
        } /* end of t or directest negative */
- #ifdef POWELLF1F3
+ #ifdef POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST
  #else
      } /* end if (fptt < fp)  */
  #endif
+ #ifdef NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  /* No change in drections until some iterations are done */
+                 } /*NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  No change in drections until some iterations are done */
+ #else
+ #endif
    } /* loop iteration */
  }
  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
- double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
+ double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij)
  {
-   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
+   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x and for covariate ij by left multiplying the unit
-      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
+      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
+   /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
+   /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
+   /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
+   /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
+   /* Initial matrix pimij */
+   /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
+   /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
+   /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
+   /*
+    * and after some iteration: */
+   /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
+   /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
+   /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
+   /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
+   /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
+   /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
+   /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
    int i, ii,j,k;
-   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
+   double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
-   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
+   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij(); /* **pmmij is a global variable feeded with oldms etc */
    double **newm;
-   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
+   double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
+   int ncvloop=0;
+   min=vector(1,nlstate);
+   max=vector(1,nlstate);
+   meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
+         /* Starting with matrix unity */
    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
- Line 1921  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nl
+ Line 2251  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nl
    cov[1]=1.;
    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
+   /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
+     ncvloop++;
      newm=savm;
      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
      cov[2]=agefin;
- Line 1929  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nl
+ Line 2261  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nl
        cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
        /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
+                         /* Here comes the value of the covariate 'ij' */
        cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
        /* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); */
      }
- Line 1944  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nl
+ Line 2277  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nl
      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
+                 /* age and covariate values of ij are in 'cov' */
      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
      savm=oldm;
      oldm=newm;
-     maxmax=0.;
-     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
-       min=1.;
+       max[j]=0.;
-       max=0.;
+       min[j]=1.;
-       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
+     }
-         sumnew=0;
+     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
-         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
+       sumnew=0;
+       for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
+       for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
-         /*printf(" prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d \n", i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin);*/
+         max[j]=FMAX(max[j],prlim[i][j]);
-         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
+         min[j]=FMIN(min[j],prlim[i][j]);
-         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
        }
-       maxmin=max-min;
+     }
-       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
+     maxmax=0.;
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
+       meandiff[j]=(max[j]-min[j])/(max[j]+min[j])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
+       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[j]);
+       /* printf(" age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, j, meandiff[j],(int)agefin, j, max[j], j, min[j],maxmax); */
      } /* j loop */
+     *ncvyear= (int)age- (int)agefin;
+     /* printf("maxmax=%lf maxmin=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, maxmin, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
+       /* printf("maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%ld, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
+       free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
+       free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
+       free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
        return prlim;
      }
    } /* age loop */
+     /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
+   printf("Warning: the stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
+ Earliest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
+   /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
+   free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
+   free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
+   free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
    return prlim; /* should not reach here */
  }
+  /**** Back Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
+  /* double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij) */
+  /* double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij) */
+  double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij)
+ {
+   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x and covariate ij by left multiplying the unit
+      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
+   /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
+   /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
+   /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
+   /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
+   /* Initial matrix pimij */
+   /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
+   /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
+   /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
+   /*
+    * and after some iteration: */
+   /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
+   /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
+   /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
+   /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
+   /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
+   /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
+   /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
+   int i, ii,j,k;
+   double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
+   /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
+   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **bmij();
+   double **newm;
+   double         **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm;  /* for use */
+   double         **oldm, **savm;  /* for use */
+   double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
+   int ncvloop=0;
+   min=vector(1,nlstate);
+   max=vector(1,nlstate);
+   meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
+         dnewm=ddnewms; doldm=ddoldms; dsavm=ddsavms;
+         oldm=oldms; savm=savms;
+         /* Starting with matrix unity */
+         for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
+                 for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+     }
+   cov[1]=1.;
+   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
+   /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
+   /* for(agefin=age+stepm/YEARM; agefin<=age+delaymax; agefin=agefin+stepm/YEARM){ /\* A changer en age *\/ */
+   for(agefin=age; agefin<AGESUP; agefin=agefin+stepm/YEARM){ /* A changer en age */
+     ncvloop++;
+     newm=savm; /* oldm should be kept from previous iteration or unity at start */
+                 /* newm points to the allocated table savm passed by the function it can be written, savm could be reallocated */
+     /* Covariates have to be included here again */
+     cov[2]=agefin;
+     if(nagesqr==1)
+       cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
+     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
+       cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+       /* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); */
+     }
+     /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
+     /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]*cov[2]; */
+     for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
+     for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
+       cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+     /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
+     /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
+     /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
+     /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
+     /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
+                 /* ij should be linked to the correct index of cov */
+                 /* age and covariate values ij are in 'cov', but we need to pass
+                  * ij for the observed prevalence at age and status and covariate
+                  * number:  prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij]
+                  */
+     /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, ageminpar, agemaxpar, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij)); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
+     /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij)); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
+     out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent,ij)); /* Bug Valgrind */
+     savm=oldm;
+     oldm=newm;
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
+       max[j]=0.;
+       min[j]=1.;
+     }
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
+       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
+                                 /* bprlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew); */
+                                 bprlim[i][j]= newm[i][j];
+                                 max[i]=FMAX(max[i],bprlim[i][j]); /* Max in line */
+                                 min[i]=FMIN(min[i],bprlim[i][j]);
+       }
+     }
+     maxmax=0.;
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
+       meandiff[i]=(max[i]-min[i])/(max[i]+min[i])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
+       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[i]);
+       /* printf("Back age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, i, meandiff[i],(int)agefin, i, max[i], i, min[i],maxmax); */
+     } /* j loop */
+     *ncvyear= -( (int)age- (int)agefin);
+     /* printf("Back maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear);*/
+     if(maxmax < ftolpl){
+       /* printf("OK Back maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
+       free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
+       free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
+       free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
+       return bprlim;
+     }
+   } /* age loop */
+     /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
+   printf("Warning: the back stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
+ Oldest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
+   /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
+   free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
+   free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
+   free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
+   return bprlim; /* should not reach here */
+ }
  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/
  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
- Line 1991  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov,
+ Line 2476  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov,
    /*double t34;*/
    int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
-     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
+   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
-       for(j=1; j<i;j++){
+     for(j=1; j<i;j++){
-         for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
+       for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
-           /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
+         /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
-           lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
+         lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
- /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
+         /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
-         }
-         ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
- /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
-       }
-       for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-         for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
-           /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
-           lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
- /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
-         }
-         ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
        }
+       ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
+       /*        printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
      }
+     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
+       for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
-       s1=0;
+         /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
-       for(j=1; j<i; j++){
+         lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
-         s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
+         /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
-         /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
-       }
-       for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
-         s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
-         /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
-       }
-       /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
-       ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
-       /* Computing other pijs */
-       for(j=1; j<i; j++)
-         ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
-       for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
-         ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
-       /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
-     } /* end i */
-     for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
-       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
-         ps[ii][jj]=0;
-         ps[ii][ii]=1;
        }
+       ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
      }
+   }
-     /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
+   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
-     /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
+     s1=0;
-     /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
+     for(j=1; j<i; j++){
-     /*   } */
+       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
-     /*   printf("\n "); */
+       /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
-     /* } */
+     }
-     /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
+     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
-     /*
+       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
-       for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
+       /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
-       goto end;*/
+     }
-     return ps;
+     /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
+     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
+     /* Computing other pijs */
+     for(j=1; j<i; j++)
+       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
+     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
+       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
+     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
+   } /* end i */
+   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
+     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
+       ps[ii][jj]=0;
+       ps[ii][ii]=1;
+     }
+   }
+   /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
+   /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
+   /*    printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
+   /*   } */
+   /*   printf("\n "); */
+   /* } */
+   /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
+   /*
+     for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
+                 goto end;*/
+   return ps;
+ }
+ /*************** backward transition probabilities ***************/
+  /* double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ***dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
+ /* double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, double ***dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
+  double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, int ij )
+ {
+   /* Computes the backward probability at age agefin and covariate ij
+    * and returns in **ps as well as **bmij.
+    */
+   int i, ii, j,k;
+   double **out, **pmij();
+   double sumnew=0.;
+   double agefin;
+   double **dnewm, **dsavm, **doldm;
+   double **bbmij;
+   doldm=ddoldms; /* global pointers */
+   dnewm=ddnewms;
+   dsavm=ddsavms;
+   agefin=cov[2];
+   /* bmij *//* age is cov[2], ij is included in cov, but we need for
+      the observed prevalence (with this covariate ij) */
+   dsavm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
+   /* We do have the matrix Px in savm  and we need pij */
+   for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+     sumnew=0.; /* w1 p11 + w2 p21 only on live states */
+     for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate;ii++){
+       sumnew+=dsavm[ii][j]*prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij];
+     } /* sumnew is (N11+N21)/N..= N.1/N.. = sum on i of w_i pij */
+     for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++){
+       if(sumnew >= 1.e-10){
+         /* if(agefin >= agemaxpar && agefin <= agemaxpar+stepm/YEARM){ */
+         /*      doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0); */
+         /* }else if(agefin >= agemaxpar+stepm/YEARM){ */
+         /*      doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0); */
+         /* }else */
+         doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0);
+       }else{
+         printf("ii=%d, i=%d, doldm=%lf dsavm=%lf, probs=%lf, sumnew=%lf,agefin=%d\n",ii,j,doldm[ii][j],dsavm[ii][j],prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij],sumnew, (int)agefin);
+       }
+     } /*End ii */
+   } /* End j, At the end doldm is diag[1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
+   /* left Product of this diag matrix by dsavm=Px (newm=dsavm*doldm) */
+   bbmij=matprod2(dnewm, dsavm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, doldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
+   /* dsavm=doldm; /\* dsavm is now diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] but can be overwritten*\/ */
+   /* doldm=dnewm; /\* doldm is now Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] *\/ */
+   /* dnewm=dsavm; /\* doldm is now Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] *\/ */
+   /* left Product of this matrix by diag matrix of prevalences (savm) */
+   for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+     for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++){
+       dsavm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij] : 0.0);
+     }
+   } /* End j, At the end oldm is diag[1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
+   ps=matprod2(doldm, dsavm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, dnewm); /* Bug Valgrind */
+   /* newm or out is now diag[w_i] * Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
+   /* end bmij */
+   return ps;
+ }
+ /*************** transition probabilities ***************/
+ double **bpmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
+ {
+   /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
+      computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
+      model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
+      lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
+      and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
+      ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
+      j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
+      j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
+      Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
+      sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
+      Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
+      the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
+   */
+   double s1, lnpijopii;
+   /*double t34;*/
+   int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
+         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
+                 for(j=1; j<i;j++){
+                         for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
+                                 /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
+                                 lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
+                                 /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
+                         }
+                         ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
+                         /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
+                 }
+                 for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+                         for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
+                                 /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
+                                 lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
+                                 /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
+                         }
+                         ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
+                 }
+         }
+         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
+                 s1=0;
+                 for(j=1; j<i; j++){
+                         s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
+                         /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
+                 }
+                 for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
+                         s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
+                         /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
+                 }
+                 /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
+                 ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
+                 /* Computing other pijs */
+                 for(j=1; j<i; j++)
+                         ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
+                 for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
+                         ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
+                 /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
+         } /* end i */
+         for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
+                 for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
+                         ps[ii][jj]=0;
+                         ps[ii][ii]=1;
+                 }
+         }
+         /* Added for backcast */ /* Transposed matrix too */
+         for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
+                 s1=0.;
+                 for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
+                         s1+=ps[ii][jj];
+                 }
+                 for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate; ii++){
+                         ps[ii][jj]=ps[ii][jj]/s1;
+                 }
+         }
+         /* Transposition */
+         for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
+                 for(ii=jj; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
+                         s1=ps[ii][jj];
+                         ps[ii][jj]=ps[jj][ii];
+                         ps[jj][ii]=s1;
+                 }
+         }
+         /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
+         /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
+         /*      printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
+         /*   } */
+         /*   printf("\n "); */
+         /* } */
+         /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
+         /*
+                 for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
+                 goto end;*/
+         return ps;
  }
  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
- Line 2076  double **matprod2(double **out, double *
+ Line 2721  double **matprod2(double **out, double *
  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
  {
-   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
+   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' and combination of covariate values corresponding to ij over
       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
       nhstepm*hstepm matrices.
- Line 2092  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstep
+ Line 2737  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstep
    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
    double **newm;
    double agexact;
+   double agebegin, ageend;
    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
- Line 2105  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstep
+ Line 2751  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstep
        newm=savm;
        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
        cov[1]=1.;
-       agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
+       agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /* age just before transition */
        cov[2]=agexact;
        if(nagesqr==1)
-         cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
+                                 cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++)
-         cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+                                 cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
-         /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
+                         /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
-         /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
+                                 /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
-         cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
+                                 cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
-         /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
+                         /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
-         cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+                                 cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
-         /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
+                         /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
+                         /* right multiplication of oldm by the current matrix */
        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
+       /* if((int)age == 70){ */
+       /*        printf(" Forward hpxij age=%d agexact=%f d=%d nhstepm=%d hstepm=%d\n", (int) age, agexact, d, nhstepm, hstepm); */
+       /*        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++) { */
+       /*          printf("%d pmmij ",i); */
+       /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
+       /*            printf("%f ",pmmij[i][j]); */
+       /*          } */
+       /*          printf(" oldm "); */
+       /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
+       /*            printf("%f ",oldm[i][j]); */
+       /*          } */
+       /*          printf("\n"); */
+       /*        } */
+       /* } */
        savm=oldm;
        oldm=newm;
      }
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
-         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
+                                 po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
-         /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
+                                 /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
        }
      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
    } /* end h */
- /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
+         /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
    return po;
  }
- #ifdef NLOPT
+ /************* Higher Back Matrix Product ***************/
-   double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
+ /* double ***hbxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
-   double fret;
+ double ***hbxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, int stepm, int ij )
-   double *xt;
+ {
-   int j;
+   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
-   myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
+      'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
- /* xt = (p1-1); */
+      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
+      nhstepm*hstepm matrices.
+      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step
+      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big
+      for the memory).
+      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be
+      included manually here.
+   */
+   int i, j, d, h, k;
+   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
+   double **newm;
+   double agexact;
+   double agebegin, ageend;
+   double **oldm, **savm;
+   oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
+   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
+     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+     }
+   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
+   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
+     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
+       newm=savm;
+       /* Covariates have to be included here again */
+       cov[1]=1.;
+       agexact=age-((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /* age just before transition */
+       /* agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /\* age just before transition *\/ */
+       cov[2]=agexact;
+       if(nagesqr==1)
+         cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++)
+         cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
+         /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
+         cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
+         cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
+       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
+       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
+       /* Careful transposed matrix */
+       /* age is in cov[2] */
+       /* out=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij),\ */
+       /*                                                 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); */
+       out=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent,ij),\
+,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
+       /* if((int)age == 70){ */
+       /*        printf(" Backward hbxij age=%d agexact=%f d=%d nhstepm=%d hstepm=%d\n", (int) age, agexact, d, nhstepm, hstepm); */
+       /*        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++) { */
+       /*          printf("%d pmmij ",i); */
+       /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
+       /*            printf("%f ",pmmij[i][j]); */
+       /*          } */
+       /*          printf(" oldm "); */
+       /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
+       /*            printf("%f ",oldm[i][j]); */
+       /*          } */
+       /*          printf("\n"); */
+       /*        } */
+       /* } */
+       savm=oldm;
+       oldm=newm;
+     }
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
+       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
+         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
+         /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
+       }
+     /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
+   } /* end h */
+   /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
+   return po;
+ }
+ #ifdef NLOPT
+   double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
+   double fret;
+   double *xt;
+   int j;
+   myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
+ /* xt = (p1-1); */
    xt=vector(1,n);
    for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   xt[j]=p1[j-1]; /* xt[1]=p1[0] */
- Line 2163  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstep
+ Line 2914  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstep
  double func( double *x)
  {
    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
+   int ioffset=0;
    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
    double **out;
    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
    int s1, s2;
+   int iv=0, iqv=0, itv=0, iqtv=0 ; /* Index of varying covariate, fixed quantitative cov, time varying covariate, quatitative time varying covariate */
    double bbh, survp;
    long ipmx;
    double agexact;
- Line 2183  double func( double *x)
+ Line 2936  double func( double *x)
    cov[1]=1.;
    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
+   ioffset=0;
    if(mle==1){
      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
-          depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
+          depending if the covariates are fixed or varying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
-        */
+       */
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
+       ioffset=2+nagesqr+cptcovage;
-           cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
+       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /\* Simple and product covariates without age* products *\/ */
+       for (k=1; k<=ncoveff;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
+         cov[++ioffset]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
        }
+       for(iqv=1; iqv <= nqfveff; iqv++){ /* Quantitatives and Fixed covariates */
+         cov[++ioffset]=coqvar[iqv][i];
+       }
        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4]
           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2]
           has been calculated etc */
+       /* For an individual i, wav[i] gives the number of effective waves */
+       /* We compute the contribution to Likelihood of each effective transition
+          mw[mi][i] is real wave of the mi th effectve wave */
+       /* Then statuses are computed at each begin and end of an effective wave s1=s[ mw[mi][i] ][i];
+          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
+          And the iv th varying covariate is the cotvar[mw[mi+1][i]][iv][i]
+          But if the variable is not in the model TTvar[iv] is the real variable effective in the model:
+          meaning that decodemodel should be used cotvar[mw[mi+1][i]][TTvar[iv]][i]
+       */
        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
+         for(itv=1; itv <= ntveff; itv++){ /* Varying dummy covariates */
+           cov[ioffset+itv]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][itv][i];
+         }
+         for(iqtv=1; iqtv <= nqtveff; iqtv++){ /* Varying quantitatives covariates */
+           if(cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i] == -1){
+             printf("i=%d, mi=%d, iqtv=%d, cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i]=%f",i,mi,iqtv,cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i]);
+           }
+           cov[ioffset+ntveff+iqtv]=cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i];
+         }
+         /* ioffset=2+nagesqr+cptcovn+nqv+ntv+nqtv; */
          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
- Line 2208  double func( double *x)
+ Line 2986  double func( double *x)
            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
            cov[2]=agexact;
            if(nagesqr==1)
-             cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
+             cov[3]= agexact*agexact;  /* Should be changed here */
            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
            }
- Line 2217  double func( double *x)
+ Line 2995  double func( double *x)
            savm=oldm;
            oldm=newm;
          } /* end mult */
          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay
- Line 2245  double func( double *x)
+ Line 3023  double func( double *x)
               which is also equal to probability to die before dh
               minus probability to die before dh-stepm .
               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
-         as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
+              as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
-         health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
+              health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
-         and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
+              and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
-         to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
+              to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
-         (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
+              (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
-         introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
+              introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
-         the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
+              the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
-         contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
+              contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
-         stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
+              stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
-         and month of death but the probability to survive from last
+              and month of death but the probability to survive from last
-         interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
+              interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
-         probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
+              probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
-         Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
+              Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
-         mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
+              mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
-         which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
+              which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
-         lower mortality.
+              lower mortality.
+           */
+           /* If, at the beginning of the maximization mostly, the
+              cumulative probability or probability to be dead is
+              constant (ie = 1) over time d, the difference is equal to
+.  out[s1][3] = savm[s1][3]: probability, being at state
+              s1 at precedent wave, to be dead a month before current
+              wave is equal to probability, being at state s1 at
+              precedent wave, to be dead at mont of the current
+              wave. Then the observed probability (that this person died)
+              is null according to current estimated parameter. In fact,
+              it should be very low but not zero otherwise the log go to
+              infinity.
            */
-         /* If, at the beginning of the maximization mostly, the
-            cumulative probability or probability to be dead is
-            constant (ie = 1) over time d, the difference is equal to
-.  out[s1][3] = savm[s1][3]: probability, being at state
-            s1 at precedent wave, to be dead a month before current
-            wave is equal to probability, being at state s1 at
-            precedent wave, to be dead at mont of the current
-            wave. Then the observed probability (that this person died)
-            is null according to current estimated parameter. In fact,
-            it should be very low but not zero otherwise the log go to
-            infinity.
-         */
  /* #ifdef INFINITYORIGINAL */
  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
  /* #else */
- Line 2282  double func( double *x)
+ Line 3060  double func( double *x)
  /*        else */
  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
  /* #endif */
-             lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
+           lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
-         } else if  (s2==-2) {
+         } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)
              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
            lli= log(survp);
          }
+         else if  (s2==-4) {
-         else if  (s2==-4) {
            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)
              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
            lli= log(survp);
          }
+         else if  (s2==-5) {
-         else if  (s2==-5) {
+           for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)
-           for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)
              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
            lli= log(survp);
          }
          else{
            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
- Line 2310  double func( double *x)
+ Line 3085  double func( double *x)
          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
          ipmx +=1;
          sw += weight[i];
          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
          /* if (lli < log(mytinydouble)){ */
- Line 2414  double func( double *x)
+ Line 3189  double func( double *x)
          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
          if( s2 > nlstate){
            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
+         } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
+           for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)
+             survp += out[s1][j];
+           lli= log(survp);
          }else{
            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
          }
- Line 2469  double funcone( double *x)
+ Line 3248  double funcone( double *x)
  {
    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
+         int ioffset=0;
    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
    double **out;
    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
    double llt;
    int s1, s2;
+         int iv=0, iqv=0, itv=0, iqtv=0 ; /* Index of varying covariate, fixed quantitative cov, time varying covariate */
    double bbh, survp;
    double agexact;
+   double agebegin, ageend;
    /*extern weight */
    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
- Line 2485  double funcone( double *x)
+ Line 3267  double funcone( double *x)
    cov[1]=1.;
    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
+   ioffset=0;
    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
-     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
+     ioffset=2+nagesqr+cptcovage;
-     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
+     /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i]; */
+     for (k=1; k<=ncoveff+nqfveff;k++){ /* Simple and product fixed covariates without age* products */
+       cov[++ioffset]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
+     }
+     for(iqv=1; iqv <= nqfveff; iqv++){ /* Quantitative fixed covariates */
+       cov[++ioffset]=coqvar[Tvar[iqv]][i];
+     }
+     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  /* Varying with waves */
+       for(itv=1; itv <= ntveff; itv++){ /* Varying dummy covariates */
+         cov[ioffset+itv]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][itv][i];
+       }
+       for(iqtv=1; iqtv <= nqtveff; iqtv++){ /* Varying quantitatives covariates */
+         cov[ioffset+ntveff+iqtv]=cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i];
+       }
        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
          }
-       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
+       agebegin=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]; /* Age at beginning of effective wave */
+       ageend=agev[mw[mi][i]][i] + (dh[mi][i])*stepm/YEARM; /* Age at end of effective wave and at the end of transition */
+       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  /* Delay between two effective waves */
+         /*dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
+           and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.*/
          newm=savm;
          agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
          cov[2]=agexact;
- Line 2503  double funcone( double *x)
+ Line 3304  double funcone( double *x)
          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
            cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
          }
+         /* printf("i=%d,mi=%d,d=%d,mw[mi][i]=%d\n",i, mi,d,mw[mi][i]); */
          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
 ,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
- Line 2515  double funcone( double *x)
+ Line 3316  double funcone( double *x)
        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
+       /* if(s2==-1){ */
+       /*        printf(" s1=%d, s2=%d i=%d \n", s1, s2, i); */
+       /*        /\* exit(1); *\/ */
+       /* } */
        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm;
        /* bias is positive if real duration
         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         */
        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
-       } else if  (s2==-2) {
+       } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)
            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
          lli= log(survp);
- Line 2542  double funcone( double *x)
+ Line 3347  double funcone( double *x)
        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
        if(globpr){
-         fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
+         fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6.1f %6.1f %6d %2d %2d %2d %2d %3d %15.6f %8.4f %8.3f\
   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
-                 num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
+                 num[i], agebegin, ageend, i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],weight[i]*gipmx/gsw,
 *weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
- Line 2577  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[],
+ Line 3382  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[],
    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
      strcpy(fileresilk,"ILK_");
-     strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
+     strcat(fileresilk,fileresu);
      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
      }
-     fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
+     fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) count ageb ageend s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight weight/gpw -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
-     fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
+     fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i ageb agend i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight %%weight 2wlli out sav ");
      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++)
        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
- Line 2593  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[],
+ Line 3398  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[],
    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
    if(*globpri !=0){
      fclose(ficresilk);
-     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood (if mle=1): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
+     if (mle ==0)
-     fflush(fichtm);
+       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with initial parameters and mle = %d.",mle);
-   }
+     else if(mle >=1)
+       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with optimized parameters mle = %d.",mle);
+     fprintf(fichtm," You should at least run with mle >= 1 to get starting values corresponding to the optimized parameters in order to visualize the real contribution of each individual/wave: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
+     for (k=1; k<= nlstate ; k++) {
+       fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probability p<sub>%dj</sub> by origin %d and destination j. Dot's sizes are related to corresponding weight: <a href=\"%s-p%dj.png\">%s-p%dj.png</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s-p%dj.png\">",k,k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k);
+     }
+     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- The function drawn is -2Log(L) in Log scale: by state of origin <a href=\"%s-ori.png\">%s-ori.png</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s-ori.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
+     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- and by state of destination <a href=\"%s-dest.png\">%s-dest.png</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s-dest.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
+     fflush(fichtm);
+   }
    return;
  }
- Line 2669  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], in
+ Line 3488  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], in
  #endif
    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
    fclose(ficrespow);
-   printf("#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
+   printf("\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
-   fprintf(ficlog,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
+   fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
  }
  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
- void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
+ void hesscov(double **matcov, double **hess, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
  {
    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
-   double **hess;
+   /* double **hess; */
    int i, j;
    int *indx;
    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
-   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
+   double hessij(double p[], double **hess, double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
    double gompertz(double p[]);
-   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
+   /* hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar); */
    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
-     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
+     printf("%d-",i);fflush(stdout);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"%d-",i);fflush(ficlog);
       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
- Line 2705  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[]
+ Line 3524  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[]
    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
        if (j>i) {
-         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
+         printf(".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
-         fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
+         fprintf(ficlog,".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
-         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
+         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,hess, delti,i,j,func,npar);
          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];
          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
- Line 2741  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[]
+ Line 3560  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[]
    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
-       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
+       printf("%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
-       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
      }
      printf("\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
    }
+   /* printf("\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
+   /* fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
+   /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  */
+   /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  */
+   /*     printf("%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
+   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
+   /*   } */
+   /*   printf("\n"); */
+   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
+   /* } */
    /* Recompute Inverse */
-   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
+   /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) */
-     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
+   /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j]; */
-   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
+   /* ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd); */
+   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n"); */
+   /* for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { */
+   /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0; */
+   /*   x[j]=1; */
+   /*   lubksb(a,npar,indx,x); */
+   /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  */
+   /*     y[i][j]=x[i]; */
+   /*     printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
+   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
+   /*   } */
+   /*   printf("\n"); */
+   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
+   /* } */
-   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
+   /* Verifying the inverse matrix */
+ #ifdef DEBUGHESS
+   y=matprod2(y,hess,1,npar,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+    printf("\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix, should be unity:#\n");
+    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix. Should be unity:#\n");
    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
-     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
-     x[j]=1;
-     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
-       y[i][j]=x[i];
+       printf("%.2f ",y[i][j]);
-       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%.2f ",y[i][j]);
-       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
      }
      printf("\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
    }
-   */
+ #endif
    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
    free_vector(x,1,npar);
    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
-   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
+   /* free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar); */
  }
  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
- {
+ { /* Around values of x, computes the function func and returns the scales delti and hessian */
    int i;
    int l=1, lmax=20;
-   double k1,k2;
+   double k1,k2, res, fx;
    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
-   double res;
    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
-   double fx;
    int k=0,kmax=10;
    double l1;
- Line 2803  double hessii(double x[], double delta,
+ Line 3647  double hessii(double x[], double delta,
        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
        k2=func(p2)-fx;
        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
-       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
+       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by 2 because L and not 2*L */
- #ifdef DEBUGHESS
+ #ifdef DEBUGHESSII
        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
  #endif
- Line 2819  double hessii(double x[], double delta,
+ Line 3663  double hessii(double x[], double delta,
        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){
          delts=delt;
        }
-     }
+     } /* End loop k */
    }
    delti[theta]=delts;
    return res;
  }
- double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
+ double hessij( double x[], double **hess, double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
  {
    int i;
    int l=1, lmax=20;
    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
-   int k;
+   int k, kmax=1;
+   double v1, v2, cv12, lc1, lc2;
+   int firstime=0;
    fx=func(x);
-   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
+   for (k=1; k<=kmax; k=k+10) {
      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
-     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
+     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
-     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
+     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
      k1=func(p2)-fx;
-     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
+     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
-     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
+     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
      k2=func(p2)-fx;
-     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
+     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
-     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
+     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
      k3=func(p2)-fx;
-     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
+     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
-     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
+     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
      k4=func(p2)-fx;
-     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
+     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]/k/delti[thetaj]/k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
- #ifdef DEBUG
+     if(k1*k2*k3*k4 <0.){
-     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+       firstime=1;
-     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+       kmax=kmax+10;
+     }
+     if(kmax >=10 || firstime ==1){
+       printf("Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; you may increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; you may increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
+       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+     }
+ #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ
+     v1=hess[thetai][thetai];
+     v2=hess[thetaj][thetaj];
+     cv12=res;
+     /* Computing eigen value of Hessian matrix */
+     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
+     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
+     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
+       printf("Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
+       fprintf(ficlog, "Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
+       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+     }
  #endif
    }
    return res;
  }
+     /* Not done yet: Was supposed to fix if not exactly at the maximum */
+ /* double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar) */
+ /* { */
+ /*   int i; */
+ /*   int l=1, lmax=20; */
+ /*   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx; */
+ /*   double p2[MAXPARM+1]; */
+ /*   double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4; */
+ /*   int k=0,kmax=10; */
+ /*   double l1; */
+ /*   fx=func(x); */
+ /*   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /\* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum *\/ */
+ /*     l1=pow(10,l); */
+ /*     delts=delt; */
+ /*     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){ */
+ /*       delt = delti*(l1*k); */
+ /*       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i]; */
+ /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
+ /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
+ /*       k1=func(p2)-fx; */
+ /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
+ /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
+ /*       k2=func(p2)-fx; */
+ /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
+ /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
+ /*       k3=func(p2)-fx; */
+ /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
+ /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
+ /*       k4=func(p2)-fx; */
+ /*       res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /\* Because of L not 2*L *\/ */
+ /* #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ */
+ /*       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
+ /*       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
+ /* #endif */
+ /*       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)){ */
+ /*      k=kmax; */
+ /*       } */
+ /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif)){ /\* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. *\/ */
+ /*      k=kmax; l=lmax*10; */
+ /*       } */
+ /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  */
+ /*      delts=delt; */
+ /*       } */
+ /*     } /\* End loop k *\/ */
+ /*   } */
+ /*   delti[theta]=delts; */
+ /*   return res;  */
+ /* } */
  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)
  {
- Line 2941  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
+ Line 3862  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
  }
  /************ Frequencies ********************/
- void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
+ void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, \
+                   int *Tvaraff, int *invalidvarcomb, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[], \
+                   int firstpass,  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[])
  {  /* Some frequencies */
    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
+   int iind=0, iage=0;
+   int mi; /* Effective wave */
    int first;
    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
-   double *pp, **prop;
+   double *meanq;
-   double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
+   double **meanqt;
-   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
+   double *pp, **prop, *posprop, *pospropt;
+   double pos=0., posproptt=0., pospropta=0., k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
+   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresphtm[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresphtmfr[FILENAMELENGTH];
+   double agebegin, ageend;
    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
-   prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
+   prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
+   posprop=vector(1,nlstate); /* Counting the number of transition starting from a live state per age */
+   pospropt=vector(1,nlstate); /* Counting the number of transition starting from a live state */
+   /* prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); */
+   meanq=vector(1,nqfveff); /* Number of Quantitative Fixed Variables Effective */
+   meanqt=matrix(1,lastpass,1,nqtveff);
    strcpy(fileresp,"P_");
    strcat(fileresp,fileresu);
+   /*strcat(fileresphtm,fileresu);*/
    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
      exit(0);
    }
-   freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
+   strcpy(fileresphtm,subdirfext(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"));
+   if((ficresphtm=fopen(fileresphtm,"w"))==NULL) {
+     printf("Problem with prevalence HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtm,strerror(errno));
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtm,strerror(errno));
+     fflush(ficlog);
+     exit(70);
+   }
+   else{
+     fprintf(ficresphtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh PHTM_ %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
+ <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
+ Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
+             fileresphtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
+   }
+   fprintf(ficresphtm,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Frequencies and prevalence by age at begin of transition</h4>\n",fileresphtm, fileresphtm);
+   strcpy(fileresphtmfr,subdirfext(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"));
+   if((ficresphtmfr=fopen(fileresphtmfr,"w"))==NULL) {
+     printf("Problem with frequency table HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtmfr,strerror(errno));
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with frequency table HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtmfr,strerror(errno));
+     fflush(ficlog);
+     exit(70);
+   }
+   else{
+     fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh PHTM_Frequency table %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
+ <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
+ Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
+             fileresphtmfr,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
+   }
+   fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Frequencies of all effective transitions by age at begin of transition </h4>Unknown status is -1<br/>\n",fileresphtmfr, fileresphtmfr);
+   freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
    j1=0;
-   j=cptcoveff;
+   j=ncoveff;
    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
    first=1;
-   /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){ */  /* Loop on covariates */
+   /* Detects if a combination j1 is empty: for a multinomial variable like 3 education levels:
-   /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */ /* Now it is 2 */
+      reference=low_education V1=0,V2=0
-   /*    j1++; */
+      med_educ                V1=1 V2=0,
-   for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
+      high_educ               V1=0 V2=1
-       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
+      Then V1=1 and V2=1 is a noisy combination that we want to exclude for the list 2**cptcoveff
-         scanf("%d", i);*/
+   */
-       for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
-         for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
+   for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,j); j1++){ /* Loop on covariates combination excluding varying and quantitatives */
-           for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
+     posproptt=0.;
-             freq[i][jk][m]=0;
+     /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
+       scanf("%d", i);*/
-       for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)
+     for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
+       for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
-           prop[i][m]=0;
+           freq[i][jk][m]=0;
-       dateintsum=0;
+     for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  {
-       k2cpt=0;
+       for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
-       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
+         prop[i][m]=0;
-         bool=1;
+       posprop[i]=0;
-         if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
+       pospropt[i]=0;
-           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)
+     }
-             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]){
+     for (z1=1; z1<= nqfveff; z1++) {
-                 /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
+       meanq[z1]+=0.;
-               bool=0;
+       for(m=1;m<=lastpass;m++){
-               /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, j1=%d\n",
+         meanqt[m][z1]=0.;
-                 bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtabm(j1,z1),
+       }
-                 j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)],j1);*/
+     }
-               /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtabm(7,3)=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
-             }
+     dateintsum=0;
-         }
+     k2cpt=0;
+     /* For that comination of covariate j1, we count and print the frequencies */
-         if (bool==1){
+     for (iind=1; iind<=imx; iind++) { /* For each individual iind */
-           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
+       bool=1;
-             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
+       if (nqfveff >0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
+         for (z1=1; z1<= nqfveff; z1++) {
+           meanq[z1]+=coqvar[Tvar[z1]][iind];
+         }
+         for (z1=1; z1<=ncoveff; z1++) {
+           /* if(Tvaraff[z1] ==-20){ */
+           /*     /\* sumnew+=cotvar[mw[mi][iind]][z1][iind]; *\/ */
+           /* }else  if(Tvaraff[z1] ==-10){ */
+           /*     /\* sumnew+=coqvar[z1][iind]; *\/ */
+           /* }else  */
+           if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][iind]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]){
+             /* Tests if this individual i responded to j1 (V4=1 V3=0) */
+             bool=0;
+             /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, j1=%d\n",
+                bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtabm(j1,z1),
+                j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)],j1);*/
+             /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtabm(7,3)=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
+           }
+         } /* end z1 */
+       } /* cptcovn > 0 */
+       if (bool==1){ /* We selected an individual iin satisfying combination j1 */
+         /* for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){ */
+         for(mi=1; mi<wav[iind];mi++){
+           m=mw[mi][iind];
+           /* dh[m][iind] or dh[mw[mi][iind]][iind] is the delay between two effective (mi) waves m=mw[mi][iind]
+              and mw[mi+1][iind]. dh depends on stepm. */
+           agebegin=agev[m][iind]; /* Age at beginning of wave before transition*/
+           ageend=agev[m][iind]+(dh[m][iind])*stepm/YEARM; /* Age at end of wave and transition */
+           if(m >=firstpass && m <=lastpass){
+             k2=anint[m][iind]+(mint[m][iind]/12.);
              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
-               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
+             if(agev[m][iind]==0) agev[m][iind]=iagemax+1;  /* All ages equal to 0 are in iagemax+1 */
-               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
+             if(agev[m][iind]==1) agev[m][iind]=iagemax+2;  /* All ages equal to 1 are in iagemax+2 */
-               if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
+             if (s[m][iind]>0 && s[m][iind]<=nlstate)  /* If status at wave m is known and a live state */
-               if (m<lastpass) {
+               prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind];  /* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
-                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
+             if (m<lastpass) {
-                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
+               /* if(s[m][iind]==4 && s[m+1][iind]==4) */
-               }
+               /*   printf(" num=%ld m=%d, iind=%d s1=%d s2=%d agev at m=%d\n", num[iind], m, iind,s[m][iind],s[m+1][iind], (int)agev[m][iind]); */
+               if(s[m][iind]==-1)
-               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
+                 printf(" num=%ld m=%d, iind=%d s1=%d s2=%d agev at m=%d agebegin=%.2f ageend=%.2f, agemed=%d\n", num[iind], m, iind,s[m][iind],s[m+1][iind], (int)agev[m][iind],agebegin, ageend, (int)((agebegin+ageend)/2.));
-                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
+               freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind]; /* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
-                 k2cpt++;
+               /* freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][(int)((agebegin+ageend)/2.)] += weight[iind]; */
-               }
+               freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][iagemax+3] += weight[iind]; /* Total is in iagemax+3 *//* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
-               /*}*/
+             }
+           }
+           if ((agev[m][iind]>1) && (agev[m][iind]< (iagemax+3)) && (anint[m][iind]!=9999) && (mint[m][iind]!=99)) {
+             dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
+             k2cpt++;
+             /* printf("iind=%ld dateintmean = %lf dateintsum=%lf k2cpt=%lf k2=%lf\n",iind, dateintsum/k2cpt, dateintsum,k2cpt, k2); */
            }
-         }
+           /*}*/
-       } /* end i */
+         } /* end m */
+       } /* end bool */
-       /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
+     } /* end iind = 1 to imx */
-       pstamp(ficresp);
+     /* prop[s][age] is feeded for any initial and valid live state as well as
-       if  (cptcovn>0) {
+        freq[s1][s2][age] at single age of beginning the transition, for a combination j1 */
-         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
+     /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
-         fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable ");
+     pstamp(ficresp);
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
+     if  (ncoveff>0) {
-         fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
+       fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");
-       }
+       fprintf(ficresphtm, "\n<br/><br/><h3>********** Variable ");
-       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+       fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "\n<br/><br/><h3>********** Variable ");
-         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
+       for (z1=1; z1<=ncoveff; z1++){
-       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
+         fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
+         fprintf(ficresphtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-       for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
+         fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         if(i==iagemax+3){
+       }
-           fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
+       fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
-         }else{
+       fprintf(ficresphtm, "**********</h3>\n");
+       fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "**********</h3>\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable ");
+       for (z1=1; z1<=ncoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
+       fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n");
+     }
+     fprintf(ficresphtm,"<table style=\"text-align:center; border: 1px solid\">");
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
+       fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
+       fprintf(ficresphtm, "<th>Age</th><th>Prev(%d)</th><th>N(%d)</th><th>N</th>",i,i);
+     }
+     fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
+     fprintf(ficresphtm, "\n");
+     /* Header of frequency table by age */
+     fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<table style=\"text-align:center; border: 1px solid\">");
+     fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<th>Age</th> ");
+     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
+       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
+         if(jk!=0 && m!=0)
+           fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<th>%d%d</th> ",jk,m);
+       }
+     }
+     fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "\n");
+     /* For each age */
+     for(iage=iagemin; iage <= iagemax+3; iage++){
+       fprintf(ficresphtm,"<tr>");
+       if(iage==iagemax+1){
+         fprintf(ficlog,"1");
+         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>0</th> ");
+       }else if(iage==iagemax+2){
+         fprintf(ficlog,"0");
+         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>Unknown</th> ");
+       }else if(iage==iagemax+3){
+         fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
+         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>Total</th> ");
+       }else{
+         if(first==1){
+           first=0;
+           printf("See log file for details...\n");
+         }
+         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>%d</th> ",iage);
+         fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", iage);
+       }
+       for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+         for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
+           pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][iage];
+       }
+       for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+         for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
+           pos += freq[jk][m][iage];
+         if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
            if(first==1){
-             first=0;
+             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
-             printf("See log file for details...\n");
-           }
-           fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
-         }
-         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
-           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
-             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
-         }
-         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
-           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
-             pos += freq[jk][m][i];
-           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
-             if(first==1){
-               printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
-             }
-             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
-           }else{
-             if(first==1)
-               printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
-             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
            }
+           fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
+         }else{
+           if(first==1)
+             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
+           fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
          }
+       }
-         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+       for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
-           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
+         /* posprop[jk]=0; */
-             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
+         for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)/* Summing on all ages */
-         }
+           pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][iage];
-         for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+       } /* pp[jk] is the total number of transitions starting from state jk and any ending status until this age */
-           pos += pp[jk];
-           posprop += prop[jk][i];
+       for(jk=1,pos=0, pospropta=0.; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+         pos += pp[jk]; /* pos is the total number of transitions until this age */
+         posprop[jk] += prop[jk][iage]; /* prop is the number of transitions from a live state
+                                           from jk at age iage prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind] */
+         pospropta += prop[jk][iage]; /* prop is the number of transitions from a live state
+                                         from jk at age iage prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind] */
+       }
+       for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+         if(pos>=1.e-5){
+           if(first==1)
+             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
+           fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
+         }else{
+           if(first==1)
+             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
+           fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
          }
-         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+         if( iage <= iagemax){
            if(pos>=1.e-5){
-             if(first==1)
+             fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",iage,prop[jk][iage]/pospropta, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
-               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
+             fprintf(ficresphtm,"<th>%d</th><td>%.5f</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",iage,prop[jk][iage]/pospropta, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
-             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
+             /*probs[iage][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
-           }else{
+             /*printf("\niage=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",iage,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[iage][jk][j1]);*/
-             if(first==1)
-               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
-             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
            }
-           if( i <= iagemax){
+           else{
-             if(pos>=1.e-5){
+             fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",iage,prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
-               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
+             fprintf(ficresphtm,"<th>%d</th><td>NaNq</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",iage, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
-               /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
-               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
-             }
-             else
-               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
            }
          }
+         pospropt[jk] +=posprop[jk];
-         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
+       } /* end loop jk */
-           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
+       /* pospropt=0.; */
-             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
+       for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
-             if(first==1)
+         for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
-               printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
+           if(freq[jk][m][iage] !=0 ) { /* minimizing output */
-               fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
+             if(first==1){
+               printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iage]);
              }
-         if(i <= iagemax)
+             fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iage]);
-           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
+           }
-         if(first==1)
+           if(jk!=0 && m!=0)
-           printf("Others in log...\n");
+             fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<td>%.0f</td> ",freq[jk][m][iage]);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+         }
+       } /* end loop jk */
+       posproptt=0.;
+       for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate; jk++){
+         posproptt += pospropt[jk];
+       }
+       fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</tr>\n ");
+       if(iage <= iagemax){
+         fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
+         fprintf(ficresphtm,"</tr>\n");
        }
-       /*}*/
+       if(first==1)
-   }
+         printf("Others in log...\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+     } /* end loop age iage */
+     fprintf(ficresphtm,"<tr><th>Tot</th>");
+     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+       if(posproptt < 1.e-5){
+         fprintf(ficresphtm,"<td>Nanq</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",pospropt[jk],posproptt);
+       }else{
+         fprintf(ficresphtm,"<td>%.5f</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",pospropt[jk]/posproptt,pospropt[jk],posproptt);
+       }
+     }
+     fprintf(ficresphtm,"</tr>\n");
+     fprintf(ficresphtm,"</table>\n");
+     fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</table>\n");
+     if(posproptt < 1.e-5){
+       fprintf(ficresphtm,"\n <p><b> This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced</b></p>",j1);
+       fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"\n <p><b> This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced</b></p>",j1);
+       fprintf(ficres,"\n  This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced\n\n",j1);
+       invalidvarcomb[j1]=1;
+     }else{
+       fprintf(ficresphtm,"\n <p> This combination (%d) is valid and result will be produced.</p>",j1);
+       invalidvarcomb[j1]=0;
+     }
+     fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</table>\n");
+   } /* end selected combination of covariate j1 */
    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;
    fclose(ficresp);
-   free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
+   fclose(ficresphtm);
+   fclose(ficresphtmfr);
+   free_vector(meanq,1,nqfveff);
+   free_matrix(meanqt,1,lastpass,1,nqtveff);
+   free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
+   free_vector(pospropt,1,nlstate);
+   free_vector(posprop,1,nlstate);
+   free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
-   free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
+   /* End of freqsummary */
-   /* End of Freq */
  }
  /************ Prevalence ********************/
- void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
+  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
- {
+  {
-   /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
+    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
-      in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
+       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
-      We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
+       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
-   */
+    */
-   int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
+    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
+    int mi; /* Effective wave */
-   double **prop;
+    int iage;
-   double posprop;
+    double agebegin, ageend;
-   double  y2; /* in fractional years */
-   int iagemin, iagemax;
+    double **prop;
-   int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
+    double posprop;
+    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
-   iagemin= (int) agemin;
+    int iagemin, iagemax;
-   iagemax= (int) agemax;
+    int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
-   /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
-   prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
+    iagemin= (int) agemin;
-   /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
+    iagemax= (int) agemax;
-   j1=0;
+    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
+    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
-   /*j=cptcoveff;*/
+    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
-   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
+    j1=0;
-   first=1;
+    /*j=cptcoveff;*/
-   for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
+    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
-     /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
-       j1++;*/
+    first=1;
+    for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){ /* For each combination of covariate */
+      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)
+        for(iage=iagemin-AGEMARGE; iage <= iagemax+3+AGEMARGE; iage++)
+          prop[i][iage]=0.0;
+      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
+        bool=1;
+        if  (cptcovn>0) {  /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
+          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) /* For each covariate, look at the value for individual i and checks if it is equal to the corresponding value of this covariate according to current combination j1*/
+            if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)])
+              bool=0;
+        }
+        if (bool==1) { /* For this combination of covariates values, this individual fits */
+          /* for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/\* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*\/ */
+          for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
+            m=mw[mi][i];
+            agebegin=agev[m][i]; /* Age at beginning of wave before transition*/
+            /* ageend=agev[m][i]+(dh[m][i])*stepm/YEARM; /\* Age at end of wave and transition *\/ */
+            if(m >=firstpass && m <=lastpass){
+              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
+              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
+                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
+                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
+                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin-AGEMARGE || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3+AGEMARGE){
+                  printf("Error on individual # %d agev[m][i]=%f <%d-%d or > %d+3+%d  m=%d; either change agemin or agemax or fix data\n",i, agev[m][i],iagemin,AGEMARGE, iagemax,AGEMARGE,m);
+                  exit(1);
+                }
+                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) {
+                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
+                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];/* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
+                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
+                } /* end valid statuses */
+              } /* end selection of dates */
+            } /* end selection of waves */
+          } /* end effective waves */
+        } /* end bool */
+      }
+      for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
+        for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) {
+          posprop += prop[jk][i];
+        }
-       for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)
+        for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
-         for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
+          if( i <=  iagemax){
-           prop[i][m]=0.0;
+            if(posprop>=1.e-5){
+              probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
-       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
+            } else{
-         bool=1;
+              if(first==1){
-         if  (cptcovn>0) {
+                first=0;
-           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)
+                printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
-             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)])
+              }
-               bool=0;
+            }
-         }
+          }
-         if (bool==1) {
+        }/* end jk */
-           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
+      }/* end i */
-             y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
+      /*} *//* end i1 */
-             if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
+    } /* end j1 */
-               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
-               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
+    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
-               if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m);
+    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
-               if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) {
+    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
-                 /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
+  }  /* End of prevalence */
-                 prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
-                 prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
-               }
-             }
-           } /* end selection of waves */
-         }
-       }
-       for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
-         for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) {
-           posprop += prop[jk][i];
-         }
-         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
-           if( i <=  iagemax){
-             if(posprop>=1.e-5){
-               probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
-             } else{
-               if(first==1){
-                 first=0;
-                 printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
-               }
-             }
-           }
-         }/* end jk */
-       }/* end i */
-     /*} *//* end i1 */
-   } /* end j1 */
-   /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
-   /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
-   free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
- }  /* End of prevalence */
  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
- Line 3211  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int
+ Line 4306  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int
       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
       */
-   int i, mi, m;
+   int i=0, mi=0, m=0, mli=0;
    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
-   int first;
+   int first=0, firstwo=0, firsthree=0, firstfour=0, firstfiv=0;
    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
    double sum=0.;
    first=0;
+   firstwo=0;
+   firsthree=0;
+   firstfour=0;
    jmin=100000;
    jmax=-1;
    jmean=0.;
-   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
-     mi=0;
+ /* Treating live states */
+   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /* For simple cases and if state is death */
+     mi=0;  /* First valid wave */
+                 mli=0; /* Last valid wave */
      m=firstpass;
-     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
+     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){  /* a live state */
-       if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
+                         if(m >firstpass && s[m][i]==s[m-1][i] && mint[m][i]==mint[m-1][i] && anint[m][i]==anint[m-1][i]){/* Two succesive identical information on wave m */
-         mw[++mi][i]=m;
+                                 mli=m-1;/* mw[++mi][i]=m-1; */
-       if(m >=lastpass)
+                         }else if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){ /* Since 0.98r4 if status=-2 vital status is really unknown, wave should be skipped */
-         break;
+                                 mw[++mi][i]=m;
-       else
+                                 mli=m;
-         m++;
+       } /* else might be a useless wave  -1 and mi is not incremented and mw[mi] not updated */
+       if(m < lastpass){ /* m < lastpass, standard case */
+                                 m++; /* mi gives the "effective" current wave, m the current wave, go to next wave by incrementing m */
+       }
+                         else{ /* m >= lastpass, eventual special issue with warning */
+ #ifdef UNKNOWNSTATUSNOTCONTRIBUTING
+                                 break;
+ #else
+                                 if(s[m][i]==-1 && (int) andc[i] == 9999 && (int)anint[m][i] != 9999){
+                                         if(firsthree == 0){
+                                                 printf("Information! Unknown status for individual %ld line=%d occurred at last wave %d at known date %d/%d. Please, check if your unknown date of death %d/%d means a live state %d at wave %d. This case(%d)/wave(%d) contributes to the likelihood as pi. .\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], s[m][i], m, i, m);
+                                                 firsthree=1;
+                                         }
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"Information! Unknown status for individual %ld line=%d occurred at last wave %d at known date %d/%d. Please, check if your unknown date of death %d/%d means a live state %d at wave %d. This case(%d)/wave(%d) contributes to the likelihood as pi. .\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], s[m][i], m, i, m);
+                                         mw[++mi][i]=m;
+                                         mli=m;
+                                 }
+                                 if(s[m][i]==-2){ /* Vital status is really unknown */
+                                         nbwarn++;
+                                         if((int)anint[m][i] == 9999){  /*  Has the vital status really been verified? */
+                                                 printf("Warning! Vital status for individual %ld (line=%d) at last wave %d interviewed at date %d/%d is unknown %d. Please, check if the vital status and the date of death %d/%d are really unknown. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], i, m);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Vital status for individual %ld (line=%d) at last wave %d interviewed at date %d/%d is unknown %d. Please, check if the vital status and the date of death %d/%d are really unknown. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], i, m);
+                                         }
+                                         break;
+                                 }
+                                 break;
+ #endif
+                         }/* End m >= lastpass */
      }/* end while */
-     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
+         /* mi is the last effective wave, m is lastpass, mw[j][i] gives the # of j-th effective wave for individual i */
+     /* After last pass */
+ /* Treating death states */
+     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  /* In a death state */
+                         /* if( mint[m][i]==mdc[m][i] && anint[m][i]==andc[m][i]){ /\* same date of death and date of interview *\/ */
+                         /* } */
        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
-          /* Only death is a correct wave */
+                         /* Only death is a correct wave */
        mw[mi][i]=m;
      }
+ #ifndef DISPATCHINGKNOWNDEATHAFTERLASTWAVE
-     wav[i]=mi;
+                 else if ((int) andc[i] != 9999) { /* Status is negative. A death occured after lastpass, we can't take it into account because of potential bias */
+       /* m++; */
+       /* mi++; */
+       /* s[m][i]=nlstate+1;  /\* We are setting the status to the last of non live state *\/ */
+       /* mw[mi][i]=m; */
+       if ((int)anint[m][i]!= 9999) { /* date of last interview is known */
+                                 if((andc[i]+moisdc[i]/12.) <=(anint[m][i]+mint[m][i]/12.)){ /* death occured before last wave and status should have been death instead of -1 */
+                                         nbwarn++;
+                                         if(firstfiv==0){
+                                                 printf("Warning! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d before last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d and should have been coded as death instead of '%d'. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is contributing to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], i,m );
+                                                 firstfiv=1;
+                                         }else{
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d before last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d and should have been coded as death instead of '%d'. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is contributing to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], i,m );
+                                         }
+                                 }else{ /* Death occured afer last wave potential bias */
+                                         nberr++;
+                                         if(firstwo==0){
+                                                 printf("Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d after last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
+                                                 firstwo=1;
+                                         }
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d after last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
+                                 }
+       }else{ /* end date of interview is known */
+                                 /* death is known but not confirmed by death status at any wave */
+                                 if(firstfour==0){
+                                         printf("Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d but not confirmed by any death status for any wave, including last wave %d at unknown date %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
+                                         firstfour=1;
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d but not confirmed by any death status for any wave, including last wave %d at unknown date %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
+       }
+     } /* end if date of death is known */
+ #endif
+     wav[i]=mi; /* mi should be the last effective wave (or mli) */
+     /* wav[i]=mw[mi][i]; */
      if(mi==0){
        nbwarn++;
        if(first==0){
-         printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
+                                 printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
-         first=1;
+                                 first=1;
        }
        if(first==1){
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
        }
      } /* end mi==0 */
    } /* End individuals */
+   /* wav and mw are no more changed */
    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
        if (stepm <=0)
-         dh[mi][i]=1;
+                                 dh[mi][i]=1;
        else{
-         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
+                                 if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
-           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
+                                         if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
-             j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);
+                                                 j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);
-             if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
+                                                 if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
-             else if(j<0){
+                                                 else if(j<0){
-               nberr++;
+                                                         nberr++;
-               printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
+                                                         printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
-               j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
+                                                         j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
-               printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
+                                                         printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
-               fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
+                                                         fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
-               fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
+                                                         fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
-             }
+                                                 }
-             k=k+1;
+                                                 k=k+1;
-             if (j >= jmax){
+                                                 if (j >= jmax){
-               jmax=j;
+                                                         jmax=j;
-               ijmax=i;
+                                                         ijmax=i;
-             }
+                                                 }
-             if (j <= jmin){
+                                                 if (j <= jmin){
-               jmin=j;
+                                                         jmin=j;
-               ijmin=i;
+                                                         ijmin=i;
-             }
+                                                 }
-             sum=sum+j;
+                                                 sum=sum+j;
-             /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
+                                                 /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
-             /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
+                                                 /*        printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
-           }
+                                         }
-         }
+                                 }
-         else{
+                                 else{
-           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
+                                         j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
-           k=k+1;
+                                         k=k+1;
-           if (j >= jmax) {
+                                         if (j >= jmax) {
-             jmax=j;
+                                                 jmax=j;
-             ijmax=i;
+                                                 ijmax=i;
-           }
+                                         }
-           else if (j <= jmin){
+                                         else if (j <= jmin){
-             jmin=j;
+                                                 jmin=j;
-             ijmin=i;
+                                                 ijmin=i;
-           }
+                                         }
-           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
+                                         /*          if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
-           /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
+                                         /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
-           if(j<0){
+                                         if(j<0){
-             nberr++;
+                                                 nberr++;
-             printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
+                                                 printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
-             fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
-           }
+                                         }
-           sum=sum+j;
+                                         sum=sum+j;
-         }
+                                 }
-         jk= j/stepm;
+                                 jk= j/stepm;
-         jl= j -jk*stepm;
+                                 jl= j -jk*stepm;
-         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
+                                 ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
-         if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
+                                 if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
-           if(jl==0){
+                                         if(jl==0){
-             dh[mi][i]=jk;
+                                                 dh[mi][i]=jk;
-             bh[mi][i]=0;
+                                                 bh[mi][i]=0;
-           }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
+                                         }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
-                   * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
+                                                                         * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
-             dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
+                                                 dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
-             bh[mi][i]=ju;
+                                                 bh[mi][i]=ju;
-           }
+                                         }
-         }else{
+                                 }else{
-           if(jl <= -ju){
+                                         if(jl <= -ju){
-             dh[mi][i]=jk;
+                                                 dh[mi][i]=jk;
-             bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
+                                                 bh[mi][i]=jl;   /* bias is positive if real duration
-                                  * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
+                                                                                                          * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
-                                  */
+                                                                                                          */
-           }
+                                         }
-           else{
+                                         else{
-             dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
+                                                 dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
-             bh[mi][i]=ju;
+                                                 bh[mi][i]=ju;
-           }
+                                         }
-           if(dh[mi][i]==0){
+                                         if(dh[mi][i]==0){
-             dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
+                                                 dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
-             bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
+                                                 bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
-             /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
+                                                 /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
-           }
+                                         }
-         } /* end if mle */
+                                 } /* end if mle */
        }
      } /* end wave */
    }
- Line 3343  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int
+ Line 4512  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int
   }
  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
- void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
+  void tricode(int *cptcov, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
  {
    /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
    /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1
     * Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
-    * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
+    * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 4 (V4) even it is a time varying or quantitative variable
-    * nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=
+    * nbcode[Tvar[5]][1]= nbcode[4][1]=0, nbcode[4][2]=1 (usually);
    */
    int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
- Line 3358  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, in
+ Line 4527  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, in
    int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
-   cptcoveff=0;
+   /* cptcoveff=0;  */
+         /* *cptcov=0; */
    for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
-   /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
+   /* Loop on covariates without age and products and no quantitative variable */
-   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* From model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only */
+   /* for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /\* From model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only *\/ */
+   for (j=1; j<=cptcovsnq; j++) { /* From model V1 + V2*age + V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only */
      for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Loop on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the
-                                modality of this covariate Vj*/
+                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/
-       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
+       switch(Typevar[j]) {
-                                     * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
+       case 1: /* A real fixed dummy covariate */
-                                     * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
+         ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
-                                     * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
+                                       * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
-       /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
+                                       * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
-                                       modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
+                                       * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
-       if (ij > modmaxcovj)
+         /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
-         modmaxcovj=ij;
+            modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
-       else if (ij < modmincovj)
+         if (ij > modmaxcovj)
-         modmincovj=ij;
+           modmaxcovj=ij;
-       if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
+         else if (ij < modmincovj)
-         printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
+           modmincovj=ij;
-         exit(1);
+         if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
-       }else
+           printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
-       Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
+           exit(1);
-       /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
+         }else
-       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
+           Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
-       /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
+         /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
-          (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
+         /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
-          female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
+         /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
+            (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
+            female ies 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
+         break;
+       case 2:
+         break;
+       }
      } /* end for loop on individuals i */
      printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
      fprintf(ficlog," Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
      cptcode=modmaxcovj;
      /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
-    /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
+     /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
      for (k=modmincovj;  k<=modmaxcovj; k++) { /* k=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value k of the modality of model-cov j */
        printf("Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
        fprintf(ficlog, "Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
- Line 3403  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, in
+ Line 4581  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, in
                               undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
          }
          ncodemaxwundef[j]++; /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
-                              covariate for which somebody answered including
+                                 covariate for which somebody answered including
-                              undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
+                                 undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
        }
        /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
-          historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
+        * historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
      } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
      /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
         If Ndum[1]=0, Ndum[2]=0, Ndum[3]= 635, Ndum[4]=0, Ndum[5]=0, Ndum[6]=27, Ndum[7]=125;
- Line 3425  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, in
+ Line 4603  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, in
      */
      ij=0; /* ij is similar to i but can jump over null modalities */
      for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 or from -1 or 0 to 1 currently*/
-         if (Ndum[i] == 0) { /* If nobody responded to this modality k */
+       if (Ndum[i] == 0) { /* If nobody responded to this modality k */
-           break;
+         break;
-         }
+       }
-         ij++;
+       ij++;
-         nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=i;  /* stores the original value of modality i in an array nbcode, ij modality from 1 to last non-nul modality.*/
+       nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=i;  /* stores the original value of modality i in an array nbcode, ij modality from 1 to last non-nul modality.*/
-         cptcode = ij; /* New max modality for covar j */
+       cptcode = ij; /* New max modality for covar j */
      } /* end of loop on modality i=-1 to 1 or more */
      /*   for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /\* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *\//\* Could be 1 to 4 *\//\* cptcode=modmaxcovj *\/ */
      /*  /\*recode from 0 *\/ */
      /*                               k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex  */
- Line 3448  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, in
+ Line 4626  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, in
      /*   }  /\* end of loop on modality k *\/ */
    } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/
-  for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
+   for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2-nagesqr; i++) { /* -2, cste and age and eventually age*age */
-    /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
+     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
-    ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */
+     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */
-    Ndum[ij]++; /* Might be supersed V1 + V1*age */
+     Ndum[ij]++; /* Might be supersed V1 + V1*age */
-  }
+   } /* V4+V3+V5, Ndum[1]@5={0, 0, 1, 1, 1} */
-  ij=0;
+   ij=0;
-  for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
+   for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
-    /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
+     /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
-    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
+     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
-      ij++;
+       /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
-      /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
+       Tvaraff[++ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
-      Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
+     }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv)){
-    }else{
+       Tvaraff[++ij]=-10; /* Dont'n know how to treat quantitative variables yet */
-        /* Tvaraff[ij]=0; */
+     }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv+ntv)){
-    }
+       Tvaraff[++ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
-  }
+     }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv)){
-  /* ij--; */
+       Tvaraff[++ij]=-20; /* Dont'n know how to treat quantitative variables yet */
-  cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
+     }
+   } /* Tvaraff[1]@5 {3, 4, -20, 0, 0} Very strange */
+   /* ij--; */
+   /* cptcoveff=ij; /\*Number of total covariates*\/ */
+   *cptcov=ij; /*Number of total real effective covariates: effective
+                * because they can be excluded from the model and real
+                * if in the model but excluded because missing values*/
  }
- Line 3587  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
+ Line 4770  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
  {
    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
-    to initial status i, ei. .
+      to initial status i, ei. .
    */
    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
- Line 3681  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
+ Line 4864  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */
      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
      /* If stepm=6 months */
      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
      /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
      /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
         decrease memory allocation */
- Line 3698  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
+ Line 4881  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
        }
        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);
        hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);
        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
- Line 3707  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
+ Line 4890  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
            }
          }
        }
        for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
            gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
- Line 3720  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
+ Line 4903  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
-      for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
+     for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
          varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
-      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
+     printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
-      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
-      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
+     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
- Line 3736  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
+ Line 4919  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
              varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
        }
      }
      /* Computing expectancies */
      hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
          }
      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
        eip=0.;
- Line 3761  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
+ Line 4944  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
        fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
      }
      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
      fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
- Line 3774  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
+ Line 4957  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
            }
        }
      fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
    }
    free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
- Line 3784  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
+ Line 4967  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[],
    free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    printf("\n");
    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
    free_vector(xm,1,npar);
    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
  }
- /************ Variance ******************/
- void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
- {
-   /* Variance of health expectancies */
-   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
-   /* double **newm;*/
-   /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav)*/
-   int movingaverage();
-   double **dnewm,**doldm;
-   double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
-   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
-   int k;
-   double *xp;
-   double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
-   double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
-   double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
-   double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
-   double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
-   double ***p3mat;
-   double age,agelim, hf;
-   double ***mobaverage;
-   int theta;
-   char digit[4];
-   char digitp[25];
-   char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
-   if(popbased==1){
-     if(mobilav!=0)
-       strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-MOBILAV_");
-     else strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-NOMOBIL_");
-   }
-   else
-     strcpy(digitp,"-STABLBASED_");
-   if (mobilav!=0) {
-     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
-     if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
-       fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-       printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-     }
-   }
-   strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"PRMORPREV-");
-   sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
-   /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
-   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
-   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
-   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
-   if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
-     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
-   }
-   printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
-   pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
-   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
-   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
-   for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
-     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
-   }
-   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title \n");
- /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
- /*   } */
-   varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   pstamp(ficresvij);
-   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
-   if(popbased==1)
-     fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-   else
-     fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
-   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
-   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
-       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
-   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
-   xp=vector(1,npar);
-   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
-   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
-   dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
-   doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
-   if(estepm < stepm){
-     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
-   }
-   else  hstepm=estepm;
-   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
-   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.
-      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim
-      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.
-      Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
-   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
-      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
-      means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
-      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same
-      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
-   */
-   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */
-   agelim = AGESUP;
-   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
-     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
-     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
-     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
-     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
-     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
-     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
-       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
-         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
-       }
-       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
-       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
-       if (popbased==1) {
-         if(mobilav ==0){
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
-         }else{ /* mobilav */
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
-         }
-       }
-       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
-         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
-           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
-             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
-         }
-       }
-       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
-          computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
-          as a weighted average of prlim.
-       */
-       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-         for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
-           gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
-       }
-       /* end probability of death */
-       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
-         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
-       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
-       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
-       if (popbased==1) {
+ /************ Variance ******************/
-         if(mobilav ==0){
+  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+  {
-             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
+    /* Variance of health expectancies */
-         }else{ /* mobilav */
+    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+    /* double **newm;*/
-             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
+    /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav)*/
-         }
-       }
+    /* int movingaverage(); */
+    double **dnewm,**doldm;
-       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
+    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
-         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
-           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
+    int k;
-             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
+    double *xp;
-         }
+    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
-       }
+    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
-       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
+    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
-          computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
+    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
-          as a weighted average of prlim.
+    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
-       */
+    double ***p3mat;
-       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+    double age,agelim, hf;
-         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
+    /* double ***mobaverage; */
-          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
+    int theta;
-       }
+    char digit[4];
-       /* end probability of death */
+    char digitp[25];
-       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
+    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
-         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
-           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
+    if(popbased==1){
-         }
+      if(mobilav!=0)
+        strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-MOBILAV_");
-       for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
+      else strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-NOMOBIL_");
-         gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
+    }
-       }
+    else
+      strcpy(digitp,"-STABLBASED_");
-     } /* End theta */
-     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
-     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
-       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
-         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
-           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
-     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
-       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
-         trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
-     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
-     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
-       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
-         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
-     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
+    /* if (mobilav!=0) { */
-       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
+    /*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
-         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+    /*   if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ */
-         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
+    /*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
-         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
+    /*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
-           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
+    /*   } */
-             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
+    /* } */
-       }
-     }
+    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"PRMORPREV-");
+    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
+    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
+    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
+    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
+    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileresu);
+    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
+      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
+    }
+    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
+    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
+    pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
+    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
+    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
+    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
+      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
+    }
+    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title \n");
+    /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
+    /*   } */
+    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    pstamp(ficresvij);
+    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
+    if(popbased==1)
+      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+    else
+      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
+    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
+    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
+        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
+    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
+    xp=vector(1,npar);
+    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
+    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
+    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
+    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
-     /* pptj */
+    if(estepm < stepm){
-     matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
-     matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
+    }
-     for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
+    else  hstepm=estepm;
-       for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
+    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
-         varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
+    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.
-     /* end ppptj */
+       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim
-     /*  x centered again */
+       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelim.
-     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
+       Look at function hpijx to understand why because of memory size limitations,
-     prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
+       we decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
+       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
-     if (popbased==1) {
+       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
-       if(mobilav ==0){
+       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same
-         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
-           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
+    */
-       }else{ /* mobilav */
+    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */
-         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+    agelim = AGESUP;
-           prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
+    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
-       }
+      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
-     }
+      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
+      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-     /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
+      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
-        computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
+      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
-        as a weighted average of prlim.
+      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
+      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
+        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
+          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
+        }
+        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+        if (popbased==1) {
+          if(mobilav ==0){
+            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
+          }else{ /* mobilav */
+            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
+          }
+        }
+        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  /* Returns p3mat[i][j][h] for h=1 to nhstepm */
+        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
+          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
+              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
+          }
+        }
+        /* Next for computing probability of death (h=1 means
+           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
+           as a weighted average of prlim.
+        */
+        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
+            gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
+        }
+        /* end probability of death */
+        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
+          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
+        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp, ij);
+        if (popbased==1) {
+          if(mobilav ==0){
+            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
+          }else{ /* mobilav */
+            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
+          }
+        }
+        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
+        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
+          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
+              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
+          }
+        }
+        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
+           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
+           as a weighted average of prlim.
+        */
+        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
+            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
+        }
+        /* end probability of death */
+        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
+          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
+          }
+        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
+          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
+        }
+      } /* End theta */
+      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
+      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
+        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
+          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
+            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
+      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
+        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
+          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
+      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
+      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
+        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
+          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
+      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
+        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
+          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
+          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
+            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
+              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
+        }
+      }
+      /* pptj */
+      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
+      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
+        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
+          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
+      /* end ppptj */
+      /*  x centered again */
+      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+      if (popbased==1) {
+        if(mobilav ==0){
+          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
+        }else{ /* mobilav */
+          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
+        }
+      }
+      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
+         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
+         as a weighted average of prlim.
+      */
+      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
+      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++)
+          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
+      }
+      /* end probability of death */
+      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
+      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
+        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
+        }
+      }
+      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
+      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
+      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
+          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
+        }
+      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
+      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
+      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
+      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
+      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
+      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+    } /* End age */
+    free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
+    /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240"); */
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter svg size 640, 480");
+    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
+    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
+    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
+    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
+    /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
      */
-     for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.svg\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
-       for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++)
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";replot;set out;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
-         gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
-     }
-     /* end probability of death */
-     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
-     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
-       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
-         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
-       }
-     }
-     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
-     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
+    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
-     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
-       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
+    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
-         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
+    free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-       }
+    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
-     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
+    free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
+    /* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
-     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
+    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
-     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
+    fflush(ficgp);
-     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
+    fflush(fichtm);
-     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+  }  /* end varevsij */
-   } /* End age */
-   free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
-   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240"); */
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter svg size 640, 480");
-   /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
- /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
- /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
- /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
-   /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
- */
- /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.svg\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";replot;set out;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
-   free_vector(xp,1,npar);
-   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
-   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
-   free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
-   free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
-   fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
-   fflush(ficgp);
-   fflush(fichtm);
- }  /* end varevsij */
  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
- void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
+  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, char strstart[])
  {
-   /* Variance of prevalence limit */
+   /* Variance of prevalence limit  for each state ij using current parameters x[] and estimates of neighbourhood give by delti*/
    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
    double **dnewm,**doldm;
- Line 4113  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5300  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
    double *xp;
    double *gp, *gm;
    double **gradg, **trgradg;
+   double **mgm, **mgp;
    double age,agelim;
    int theta;
- Line 4135  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5323  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
+     mgp=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
+     mgm=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
- Line 4142  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5332  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
        }
-       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
+       if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
-       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
+         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+       else
+         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
+         mgp[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
+       }
        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
-       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
+       if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
-       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
+         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+       else
+         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
          gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
+         mgm[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
+       }
        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
+       /* gradg[theta][2]= -gradg[theta][1]; */ /* For testing if nlstate=2 */
      } /* End theta */
      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
- Line 4161  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5360  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
+     /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
+     /*   printf("\nmgm mgp %d ",(int)age); */
+     /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
+     /*  printf(" %d ",j); */
+     /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
+     /*    printf(" %d %lf %lf",theta,mgm[theta][j],mgp[theta][j]); */
+     /*  printf("\n "); */
+     /*   } */
+     /* } */
+     /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
+     /*   printf("\n gradg %d ",(int)age); */
+     /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
+     /*  printf("%d ",j); */
+     /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
+     /*    printf("%d %lf ",theta,gradg[theta][j]); */
+     /*  printf("\n "); */
+     /*   } */
+     /* } */
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
+     if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80  ||(int)age== 81){
+     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
+     }else{
      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
+     }
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
        varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
- Line 4175  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5397  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
+     free_matrix(mgm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
+     free_matrix(mgp,1,npar,1,nlstate);
      free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
    } /* End age */
- Line 4187  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5411  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
- {
+  {
-   int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
+    int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
-   int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
+    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
-   int k=0, l;
+    int k=0, l;
-   int first=1, first1, first2;
+    int first=1, first1, first2;
-   double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
+    double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
-   double **dnewm,**doldm;
+    double **dnewm,**doldm;
-   double *xp;
+    double *xp;
-   double *gp, *gm;
+    double *gp, *gm;
-   double **gradg, **trgradg;
+    double **gradg, **trgradg;
-   double **mu;
+    double **mu;
-   double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
+    double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
-   double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
+    double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
-   int theta;
+    int theta;
-   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
+    char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
-   char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
+    char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
-   char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
+    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
-   double ***varpij;
+    double ***varpij;
-   strcpy(fileresprob,"PROB_");
+    strcpy(fileresprob,"PROB_");
-   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
+    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
-   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
+    if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
-     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
+      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
-   }
+    }
-   strcpy(fileresprobcov,"PROBCOV_");
+    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"PROBCOV_");
-   strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
+    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileresu);
-   if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
+    if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
-     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
+      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
-   }
+    }
-   strcpy(fileresprobcor,"PROBCOR_");
+    strcpy(fileresprobcor,"PROBCOR_");
-   strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
+    strcat(fileresprobcor,fileresu);
-   if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
+    if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
-     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
+      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
-   }
+    }
-   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
+    printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
+    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
-   printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
+    printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
+    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
-   printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
+    printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
+    fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
-   pstamp(ficresprob);
+    pstamp(ficresprob);
-   fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
+    fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
-   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
+    fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
-   pstamp(ficresprobcov);
+    pstamp(ficresprobcov);
-   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
+    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
-   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
+    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
-   pstamp(ficresprobcor);
+    pstamp(ficresprobcor);
-   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
+    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
-   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
+    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
-   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
+        fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
-       fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
+        fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
-       fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
+        fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
-     }
+      }
-  /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
+    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
-   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
+       fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
-   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
+       fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
-  */
+    */
-   xp=vector(1,npar);
+    xp=vector(1,npar);
-   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
+    dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
-   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+    doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-   mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
+    mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
-   varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
+    varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
-   first=1;
+    first=1;
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4> this page is important in order to visualize confidence intervals and especially correlation between disability and recovery, or more generally, way in and way back.</li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4> this page is important in order to visualize confidence intervals and especially correlation between disability and recovery, or more generally, way in and way back.</li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
-   fprintf(fichtmcov,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n",optionfilehtmcov, optionfilehtmcov);
+    fprintf(fichtmcov,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n",optionfilehtmcov, optionfilehtmcov);
-   fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated \
+    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated \
  and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
   They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
-   fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
+    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
  It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
  would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
  standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
- Line 4274  standard deviations wide on each axis. <
+ Line 5498  standard deviations wide on each axis. <
   and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
  To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
-   cov[1]=1;
+    cov[1]=1;
-   /* tj=cptcoveff; */
+    /* tj=cptcoveff; */
-   tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
+    tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
-   if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
+    if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
-   j1=0;
+    j1=0;
-   for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
+    for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){  /* For each valid combination of covariates or only once*/
-     /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
+      if  (cptcovn>0) {
-     /*j1++;*/
+        fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");
-       if  (cptcovn>0) {
+        for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");
+        fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
+        fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable ");
-         fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
+        for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable ");
+        fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
+        fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable ");
+        for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable ");
+        fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
+        fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable ");
+        for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable ");
+        fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
+        fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");
+        for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");
+        fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
+        if(invalidvarcomb[j1]){
-         fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");
+          fprintf(ficgp,"\n#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",j1);
-       }
+          fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h3>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h3>\n",j1);
+          continue;
-       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+        }
-       trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
+      }
-       gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-       gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+      trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
-       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
+      gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-         cov[2]=age;
+      gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-         if(nagesqr==1)
+      for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
-           cov[3]= age*age;
+        cov[2]=age;
-         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
+        if(nagesqr==1)
-           cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,k)];
+          cov[3]= age*age;
-           /*cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,Tvar[k])];*//* j1 1 2 3 4
+        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
-                                                          * 1  1 1 1 1
+          cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,k)];
-                                                          * 2  2 1 1 1
+          /*cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,Tvar[k])];*//* j1 1 2 3 4
-                                                          * 3  1 2 1 1
+                                                                     * 1  1 1 1 1
-                                                          */
+                                                                     * 2  2 1 1 1
-           /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
+                                                                     * 3  1 2 1 1
-         }
+                                                                     */
-         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
+          /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
-         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
+        }
-         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
+        /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
-           cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
+        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
+          cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
-         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
-           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
-             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
+        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
+          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
-           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
+            xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
-           k=0;
+          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
-           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
-             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+          k=0;
-               k=k+1;
+          for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
-               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
+            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-             }
+              k=k+1;
-           }
+              gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
+            }
-           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
+          }
-             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
+          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
-           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
+            xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
-           k=0;
-           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
+          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
-             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+          k=0;
-               k=k+1;
+          for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
-               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
+            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-             }
+              k=k+1;
-           }
+              gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
+            }
-           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)
+          }
-             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];
-         }
+          for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)
+            gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];
-         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
+        }
-           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
-             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
-         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
-         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
-         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
-         k=0;
-         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
-           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-             k=k+1;
-             mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
-           }
-         }
-         for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
-           for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
-             varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
-         /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
-           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
-           printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
-           fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
-           }*/
-         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
-         fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
-         fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
-         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
-           fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
-         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
-           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
-           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
-         }
-         i=0;
-         for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
-           for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){
-             i++;
-             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
-             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
-             for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
-               /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
-               fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
-               fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
-             }
-           }
-         }/* end of loop for state */
-       } /* end of loop for age */
-       free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-       free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-       free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
-       free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
-       /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
-       /*
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
-         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
-         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
-       */
-       /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
-       first1=1;first2=2;
-       for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
-         for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){
-           if(l2==k2) continue;
-           j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
-           for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
-             for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){
-               if(l1==k1) continue;
-               i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
-               if(i<=j) continue;
-               for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
-                 if ((int)age %5==0){
-                   v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
-                   v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
-                   cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
-                   mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
-                   mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
-                   c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
-                   /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
-                   lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
-                   lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
-                   if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
-                     if(first2==1){
-                       first1=0;
-                     printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
-                     }
-                     fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
-                     /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
-                     /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
-                   }
-                   /* Eigen vectors */
+        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
-                   v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
+          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
-                   /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
+            trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
-                   v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
-                   v12=-v21;
+        matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
-                   v22=v11;
+        matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
-                   tnalp=v21/v11;
-                   if(first1==1){
+        pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
-                     first1=0;
-                     printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
+        k=0;
-                   }
+        for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
-                   fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
+          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-                   /*printf(fignu*/
+            k=k+1;
-                   /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
+            mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
-                   /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
+          }
-                   if(first==1){
+        }
-                     first=0;
+        for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Ellipsoids of confidence\n#\n");
+          for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
+            varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480");
+        /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
-                     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
+          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
-  :<a href=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\">\
+          printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
+          fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
+          }*/
+        fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
+        fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
+        fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
+        for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
+          fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
+        for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
+          fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
+          fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
+        }
+        i=0;
+        for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
+          for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){
+            i++;
+            fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
+            fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
+            for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
+              /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
+              fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
+              fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
+            }
+          }
+        }/* end of loop for state */
+      } /* end of loop for age */
+      free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+      free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+      free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
+      free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
+      /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
+      /*
+        fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
+        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
+        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
+        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
+        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
+        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
+        fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
+      */
+      /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
+      first1=1;first2=2;
+      for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
+        for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){
+          if(l2==k2) continue;
+          j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
+          for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
+            for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){
+              if(l1==k1) continue;
+              i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
+              if(i<=j) continue;
+              for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
+                if ((int)age %5==0){
+                  v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
+                  v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
+                  cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
+                  mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
+                  mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
+                  c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
+                  /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
+                  lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
+                  lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
+                  if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
+                    if(first2==1){
+                      first1=0;
+                      printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
+                    }
+                    fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
+                    /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
+                    /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
+                  }
+                  /* Eigen vectors */
+                  v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
+                  /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
+                  v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
+                  v12=-v21;
+                  v22=v11;
+                  tnalp=v21/v11;
+                  if(first1==1){
+                    first1=0;
+                    printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
+                  }
+                  fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
+                  /*printf(fignu*/
+                  /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
+                  /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
+                  if(first==1){
+                    first=0;
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Ellipsoids of confidence\n#\n");
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480");
+                    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
+  :<a href=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\">                                                                                                                                           \
  %s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
-                             subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
+                            subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,      \
-                             subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                            subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
-                     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
-                     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
+                    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",      \
-                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
+                            mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),                                                                         \
-                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
+                            mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
-                   }else{
+                  }else{
-                     first=0;
+                    first=0;
-                     fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
+                    fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not", \
-                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
+                            mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),                                 \
-                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
+                            mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
-                   }/* if first */
+                  }/* if first */
-                 } /* age mod 5 */
+                } /* age mod 5 */
-               } /* end loop age */
+              } /* end loop age */
-               fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\";replot;set out;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+              fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\";replot;set out;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
-               first=1;
+              first=1;
-             } /*l12 */
+            } /*l12 */
-           } /* k12 */
+          } /* k12 */
-         } /*l1 */
+        } /*l1 */
-       }/* k1 */
+      }/* k1 */
-       /* } */ /* loop covariates */
+    }  /* loop on combination of covariates j1 */
-   }
+    free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
-   free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+    free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
-   free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
+    free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-   free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+    free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
-   free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
+    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
-   free_vector(xp,1,npar);
+    fclose(ficresprob);
-   fclose(ficresprob);
+    fclose(ficresprobcov);
-   fclose(ficresprobcov);
+    fclose(ficresprobcor);
-   fclose(ficresprobcor);
+    fflush(ficgp);
-   fflush(ficgp);
+    fflush(fichtmcov);
-   fflush(fichtmcov);
+  }
- }
  /******************* Printing html file ***********/
  void printinghtml(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                    int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                    int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
-                   int popforecast, int estepm ,\
+                   int popforecast, int prevfcast, int backcast, int estepm , \
-                   double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
+                   double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, double dateprev1, \
-                   double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
+                   double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2, double dateprev2){
    int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
     <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
  </ul>");
-    fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
+    fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n");
-  - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
+    fprintf(fichtm,"<li>- Observed frequency between two states (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (html file)<br/>\n",
-            jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"));
+            jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"),subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"<li> - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (html file) ",
+            jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"),subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,",  <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (text file) <br>\n",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
             stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\
+  - Estimated back transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
+            stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
             subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\
-  - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
+  - Period (stable) back prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
+  - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, e<sub>i.</sub> (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, e<sub>ij</sub> . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
     <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
             estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"));
-    fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    if(prevfcast==1){
-  - Population projections by age and states: \
+      fprintf(fichtm,"\
+  - Prevalence projections by age and states:                            \
     <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
+    }
+    fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
- fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
+    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
+    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
-  m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
+    jj1=0;
-  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
+    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
-  jj1=0;
+      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
-  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
-    /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
       jj1++;
       if (cptcovn > 0) {
         fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
- Line 4566  fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b>
+ Line 5803  fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b>
           printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);fflush(stdout);
         }
         fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
+        if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<h3>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h3>\n",k1);
+          printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+          continue;
+        }
       }
       /* aij, bij */
-      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Logit model, for example: logit(pij)=log(pij/pii)= aij+ bij age + V1 age + etc. as a function of age: <a href=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">%s_%d-1.svg</a><br> \
+      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Logit model (yours is: 1+age+%s), for example: logit(pij)=log(pij/pii)= aij+ bij age + V1 age + etc. as a function of age: <a href=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">%s_%d-1.svg</a><br> \
- <img src=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">",model,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
       /* Pij */
-      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">%s_%d-2.svg</a><br> \
+      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- P<sub>ij</sub> or conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">%s_%d-2.svg</a><br> \
  <img src=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
       /* Quasi-incidences */
-      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Iij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
+      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- I<sub>ij</sub> or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
-  before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too,\
+  before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too, \
-  incidence (rates) are the limit when h tends to zero of the ratio of the probability hPij \
+  incidence (rates) are the limit when h tends to zero of the ratio of the probability  <sub>h</sub>P<sub>ij</sub> \
- divided by h: hPij/h : <a href=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">%s_%d-3.svg</a><br> \
+ divided by h: <sub>h</sub>P<sub>ij</sub>/h : <a href=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">%s_%d-3.svg</a><br> \
  <img src=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
       /* Survival functions (period) in state j */
       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
- Line 4586  divided by h: hPij/h : <a href=\"%s_%d-3
+ Line 5828  divided by h: hPij/h : <a href=\"%s_%d-3
       }
       /* State specific survival functions (period) */
       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
-        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions from state %d in any different live states and total.\
+        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions from state %d in each live state and total.\
-  Or probability to survive in various states (1 to %d) being in state %d at different ages.\
+  Or probability to survive in various states (1 to %d) being in state %d at different ages.     \
   <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, nlstate, cpt, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1);
       }
       /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
-        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
+        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
  <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1);
       }
+      if(backcast==1){
+        /* Period (stable) back prevalence in each health state */
+        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
+          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) back prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1);
+        }
+      }
+      if(prevfcast==1){
+        /* Projection of prevalence up to period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
+        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
+          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Projection of cross-sectional prevalence (estimated with cases observed from %.1f to %.1f) up to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", dateprev1, dateprev2, cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1);
+        }
+      }
       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
-        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) (or area under each survival functions): <a href=\"%s%d%d.svg\">%s%d%d.svg</a> <br> \
+        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) (or area under each survival functions): <a href=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">%s_%d%d.svg</a> <br> \
  <img src=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1);
       }
-    /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
+      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
-  }/* End k1 */
+    }/* End k1 */
-  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
  \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
   - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br> \
-  - 95%% confidence intervals and Wald tests of the estimated parameters are in the log file.<br> \
+  - 95%% confidence intervals and Wald tests of the estimated parameters are in the log file if optimization has been done (mle != 0).<br> \
  But because parameters are usually highly correlated (a higher incidence of disability \
  and a higher incidence of recovery can give very close observed transition) it might \
  be very useful to look not only at linear confidence intervals estimated from the \
- Line 4615  variances but at the covariance matrix.
+ Line 5872  variances but at the covariance matrix.
  covariance matrix of the one-step probabilities. \
  See page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' below. \n", rfileres,rfileres);
-  fprintf(fichtm," - Standard deviation of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
+    fprintf(fichtm," - Standard deviation of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
-          subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"));
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"));
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
-          subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"));
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"));
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
-          subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"));
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"));
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
     <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
             estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"));
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
     <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
             estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"));
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
-          estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"));
+            estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"));
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
-          estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"));
+            estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"));
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
-          subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"));
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"));
  /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
  /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
- Line 4648  See page 'Matrix of variance-covariance
+ Line 5905  See page 'Matrix of variance-covariance
  /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
  /*  else  */
  /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
-  fflush(fichtm);
+    fflush(fichtm);
-  fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
+    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
-  m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
+    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
-  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
+    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
-  jj1=0;
+    jj1=0;
-  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
+    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
-    /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
+      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
       jj1++;
       if (cptcovn > 0) {
         fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
-        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)
+        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)  /**< cptcoveff number of variables */
           fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
         fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
+        if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<h4>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h4>\n",k1);
+          continue;
+        }
       }
       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
-        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
+        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
- prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.svg <br>\
+ prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\"> %s_%d-%d.svg</a>\n <br>\
- <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1);
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1);
       }
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
  health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
  true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
   drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
-  observed and cahotic prevalences: %s_%d.svg<br>\
+  observed and cahotic prevalences:  <a href=\"%s_%d.svg\">%s_%d.svg</a>\n<br>\
- <img src=\"%s_%d.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1);
+ <img src=\"%s_%d.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1);
-    /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
+      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
-  }/* End k1 */
+    }/* End k1 */
-  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
-  fflush(fichtm);
+    fflush(fichtm);
  }
  /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
- void printinggnuplot(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
+ void printinggnuplot(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , int prevfcast, int backcast, char pathc[], double p[]){
    char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
+   char gplotcondition[132];
    int cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
+   int lv=0, vlv=0, kl=0;
    int ng=0;
    int vpopbased;
+   int ioffset; /* variable offset for columns */
  /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
  /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
  /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
- Line 4695  void printinggnuplot(char fileresu[], ch
+ Line 5961  void printinggnuplot(char fileresu[], ch
    /*#ifdef windows */
    fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
-     /*#endif */
+   /*#endif */
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
+   /* Contribution to likelihood */
+   /* Plot the probability implied in the likelihood */
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Contributions to the Likelihood, mle >=1. For mle=4 no interpolation, pure matrix products.\n#\n");
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Likelihood (-2Log(L))\";");
+   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480"); */ /* Too big for svg */
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter pngcairo size 640, 480");
+ /* nice for mle=4 plot by number of matrix products.
+    replot  "rrtest1/toto.txt" u 2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with point lc 1 */
+ /* replot exp(p1+p2*x)/(1+exp(p1+p2*x)+exp(p3+p4*x)+exp(p5+p6*x)) t "p12(x)"  */
+   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-dest.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$13):6 t \"All sample, transitions colored by destination\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-ori.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$13):5 t \"All sample, transitions colored by origin\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
+   for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-p%dj.png\";set ylabel \"Probability for each individual/wave\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),i);
+     fprintf(ficgp,"unset log;\n# plot weighted, mean weight should have point size of 0.5\n plot  \"%s\"",subdirf(fileresilk));
+     fprintf(ficgp,"  u  2:($5 == %d && $6==%d ? $10 : 1/0):($12/4.):6 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable \\\n",i,1,i,1);
+     for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++) {
+       fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n \"\" u  2:($5 == %d && $6==%d ? $10 : 1/0):($12/4.):6 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable ",i,j,i,j);
+     }
+     fprintf(ficgp,";\nset out; unset ylabel;\n");
+   }
+   /* unset log; plot  "rrtest1_sorted_4/ILK_rrtest1_sorted_4.txt" u  2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with points lc variable */
+   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$11):3 t \"All sample, all transitions\" with dots lc variable",subdirf(fileresilk)); */
+   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot  \"%s\" u 2:($3 <= 3 ? -$11 : 1/0):3 t \"First 3 individuals\" with line lc variable", subdirf(fileresilk)); */
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;unset log\n");
+   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\"; replot; set out; # bug gnuplot",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
    strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
    strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
-  /* 1eme*/
+   /* 1eme*/
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'VPL_' files\n");
+   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each live state */
-   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
+     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each valid combination of covariate */
-     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
+       /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'VPL_' files ");
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"V_%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate k get corresponding value lv for combination k1 */
-      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
+         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the value of the covariate corresponding to k1 combination */
- set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
+         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
- set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
+         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]; /* vlv is the value of the covariate lv, 0 or 1 */
+         /* For each combination of covariate k1 (V1=1, V3=0), we printed the current covariate k and its value vlv */
+         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+         continue;
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"V_%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
+ set ylabel \"Probability\" \n   \
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n     \
  plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
-      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
-        if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
+         if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
-        else        fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
+         else        fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
-      }
+       }
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
-      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
-        if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
+         if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
-        else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
+         else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
-      }
+       }
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
-      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
-        if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
+         if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
-        else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
+         else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
-      }
+       }
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence\" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \n");
+       if(backcast==1){ /* We need to get the corresponding values of the covariates involved in this combination k1 */
+         /* fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Backward stable prevalence\" w l lt 3",subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"),k1-1,k1-1,1+cpt); */
+         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u 1:((",subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_")); /* Age is in 1 */
+         if(cptcoveff ==0){
+           fprintf(ficgp,"$%d)) t 'Backward prevalence in state %d' with line ",  2+(cpt-1),  cpt );
+         }else{
+           kl=0;
+           for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each combination of covariate  */
+             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to k1 combination and kth covariate */
+             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+             kl++;
+             /* kl=6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1); /\* 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1)=7, 6+(2-1)(2+1)+1+(1-1)=10 *\/ */
+             /*6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */
+             /*6+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */
+             /* ''  u 6:(($1==1 && $2==0 && $3==2 && $4==0)? $9/(1.-$15) : 1/0):($5==2000? 3:2) t 'p.1' with line lc variable*/
+             if(k==cptcoveff){
+               fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d)? $%d : 1/0) t 'Backward prevalence in state %d' with line ",kl+1, Tvaraff[k],kl+1+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv], \
++(cpt-1),  cpt );
+             }else{
+               fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d && ",kl+1, Tvaraff[k],kl+1+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]);
+               kl++;
+             }
+           } /* end covariate */
+         } /* end if no covariate */
+       } /* end if backcast */
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \n");
      } /* k1 */
    } /* cpt */
    /*2 eme*/
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files\n");
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
+     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files ");
+     for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
+       lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
+       /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+       /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+       /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+       vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+       fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+     }
+     fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+     if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+       fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+       continue;
+     }
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1);
      for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
        if(vpopbased==0)
- Line 4764  plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u
+ Line 6118  plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u
      } /* vpopbased */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;set out \"%s_%d.svg\"; replot; set out; \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1); /* Buggy gnuplot */
    } /* k1 */
    /*3eme*/
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
      for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 3d: Life expectancy with EXP_ files:  cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
+         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
+         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+         continue;
+       }
        /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
        k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,k1);
- Line 4779  plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u
+ Line 6150  plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u
          fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
          for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
        */
        for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
          fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
          /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
        }
        fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
      }
    }
+   /* 4eme */
    /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by initial state i */
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
      for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
-       k=3;
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j : 'LIJ_' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
-       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j : 'lij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
+         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
+         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+         continue;
+       }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
- set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                                     \
- unset log y\n\
+ unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
  plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
+       k=3;
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
-         if(i==1)
+         if(i==1){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
-         else
+         }else{
            fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
+         }
          l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
          fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
          for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++)
- Line 4814  plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar)
+ Line 6202  plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar)
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
      } /* end cpt state*/
    } /* end covariate */
+ /* 5eme */
    /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by final state j */
-   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
+   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate if any */
      for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each inital state  */
-       k=3;
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j and all livestates from state i by final state j: 'lij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
+                                 lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
+                                 /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+                                 /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+                                 /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+                                 vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+                                 fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+                                 continue;
+       }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
- set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                                     \
- unset log y\n\
+ unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
  plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
+       k=3;
        for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
-         if(j==1)
+                                 if(j==1)
-           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
-         else
+                                 else
-           fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
-         l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
+                                 l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
-         fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l);
+                                 fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l);
-         /* for (i=2; i<= nlstate+ndeath ; i ++) */
+                                 /* for (i=2; i<= nlstate+ndeath ; i ++) */
-         /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+i-1); */
+                                 /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+i-1); */
-         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,j);
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,") t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,j);
        } /* nlstate */
        fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
        fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):(",k1);
        for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
-         l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
+                                 l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
-         if(j < nlstate)
+                                 if(j < nlstate)
-           fprintf(ficgp,"$%d +",k+l);
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"$%d +",k+l);
-         else
+                                 else
-           fprintf(ficgp,"$%d) t\"l(%d,.)\" w l",k+l,cpt);
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"$%d) t\"l(%d,.)\" w l",k+l,cpt);
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
      } /* end cpt state*/
    } /* end covariate */
-   /* CV preval stable (period) */
+ /* 6eme */
-   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
+   /* CV preval stable (period) for each covariate */
+   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
      for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
-       k=3;
-       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
+                                 lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
+                                 /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+                                 /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+                                 /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+                                 vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+                                 fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+                                 continue;
+       }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
- set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                              \
- unset log y\n\
+ unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
  plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
-       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
+       k=3; /* Offset */
-         if(i==1)
+       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
-           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
+                                 if(i==1)
-         else
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
-           fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
+                                 else
-         l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
-         fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
+                                 l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
-         for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++)
+                                 fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
-           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
+                                 for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++)
-         fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
        } /* nlstate */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
      } /* end cpt state*/
    } /* end covariate */
+ /* 7eme */
+   if(backcast == 1){
+     /* CV back preval stable (period) for each covariate */
+     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
+       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV Back preval stable (period): 'pij' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+                                 for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
+                                         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
+                                         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+                                         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+                                         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+                                         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+                                 if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+                                         continue;
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,k1);
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+ unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+ plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
+                                 k=3; /* Offset */
+                                 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
+                                         if(i==1)
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"));
+                                         else
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
+                                         /* l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1; */
+                                         l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1)+1;
+                                         /* fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l); /\* a vérifier *\/ */
+                                         /* fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l+(cpt-1)+i-1); /\* a vérifier *\/ */
+                                         fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1)+i-1); /* a vérifier */
+                                         /* for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++) */
+                                         /*      fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1); */
+                                         /*      /\* fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1); *\/ */
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"bprev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
+                                 } /* nlstate */
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
+       } /* end cpt state*/
+     } /* end covariate */
+   } /* End if backcast */
+   /* 8eme */
+   if(prevfcast==1){
+     /* Projection from cross-sectional to stable (period) for each covariate */
+     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
+       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#Projection of prevalence to stable (period): 'PROJ_' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+                                 for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each correspondig covariate value  */
+                                         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to k1 combination and kth covariate */
+                                         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+                                         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+                                         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+                                         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+                                         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+                                 if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+                                         continue;
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"# hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev\n ");
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,k1);
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Prevalence\" \n\
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+ unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+ plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
+                                 for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++){  /* nlstate +1 p11 p21 p.1 */
+                                         /*#  V1  = 1  V2 =  0 yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
+                                         /*#   1    2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */
+                                         /*# yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
+                                         /*#   1       2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */
+                                         if(i==1){
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
+                                         }else{
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n '' ");
+                                         }
+                                         if(cptcoveff ==0){ /* No covariate */
+                                                 ioffset=2; /* Age is in 2 */
+                                                 /*# yearproj age p11 p21 p31 p.1 p12 p22 p32 p.2 p13 p23 p33 p.3 p14 p24 p34 p.4*/
+                                                 /*#   1       2   3   4   5  6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 */
+                                                 /*# V1  = 1 yearproj age p11 p21 p31 p.1 p12 p22 p32 p.2 p13 p23 p33 p.3 p14 p24 p34 p.4*/
+                                                 /*#  1    2        3   4   5  6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 */
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp," u %d:(", ioffset);
+                                                 if(i==nlstate+1)
+                                                         fprintf(ficgp," $%d/(1.-$%d)) t 'pw.%d' with line ",                    \
+                                                                                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
+                                                 else
+                                                         fprintf(ficgp," $%d/(1.-$%d)) t 'p%d%d' with line ",                    \
+                                                                                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
+                                         }else{ /* more than 2 covariates */
+                                                 if(cptcoveff ==1){
+                                                         ioffset=4; /* Age is in 4 */
+                                                 }else{
+                                                         ioffset=6; /* Age is in 6 */
+                                                         /*#  V1  = 1  V2 =  0 yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
+                                                         /*#   1    2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */
+                                                 }
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp," u %d:(",ioffset);
+                                                 kl=0;
+                                                 strcpy(gplotcondition,"(");
+                                                 for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate writing the chain of conditions */
+                                                         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to combination k1 and covariate k */
+                                                         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+                                                         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+                                                         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+                                                         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]; /* Value of the modality of Tvaraff[k] */
+                                                         kl++;
+                                                         sprintf(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition),"$%d==%d && $%d==%d " ,kl,Tvaraff[k], kl+1, nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]);
+                                                         kl++;
+                                                         if(k <cptcoveff && cptcoveff>1)
+                                                                 sprintf(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition)," && ");
+                                                 }
+                                                 strcpy(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition),")");
+                                                 /* kl=6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1); /\* 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1)=7, 6+(2-1)(2+1)+1+(1-1)=10 *\/ */
+                                                 /*6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */
+                                                 /*6+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */
+                                                 /* ''  u 6:(($1==1 && $2==0 && $3==2 && $4==0)? $9/(1.-$15) : 1/0):($5==2000? 3:2) t 'p.1' with line lc variable*/
+                                                 if(i==nlstate+1){
+                                                         fprintf(ficgp,"%s ? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p.%d' with line ", gplotcondition, \
+                                                                                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
+                                                 }else{
+                                                         fprintf(ficgp,"%s ? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p%d%d' with line ", gplotcondition, \
+                                                                                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1), ioffset +1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
+                                                 }
+                                         } /* end if covariate */
+                                 } /* nlstate */
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
+       } /* end cpt state*/
+     } /* end covariate */
+   } /* End if prevfcast */
    /* proba elementaires */
    fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#MLE estimated parameters\n#############\n");
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
      fprintf(ficgp,"# initial state %d\n",i);
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
        if (k != i) {
-         fprintf(ficgp,"#   current state %d\n",k);
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"#   current state %d\n",k);
-         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
+                                 for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
-           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f; ",jk,p[jk]);
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f; ",jk,p[jk]);
-           jk++;
+                                         jk++;
-         }
+                                 }
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
        }
      }
-    }
+   }
    fprintf(ficgp,"##############\n#\n");
    /*goto avoid;*/
    fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#Graphics of probabilities or incidences\n#############\n");
    fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age\n");
- Line 4906  plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar)
+ Line 6466  plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar)
    fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age))\n");
    fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a14+b14*age+c14age*age+d14*V1+e14*V1*age)+...)\n");
    fprintf(ficgp,"#\n");
-    for(ng=1; ng<=3;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is logit, 2nd is probabilities, third is incidences per year*/
+   for(ng=1; ng<=3;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is logit, 2nd is probabilities, third is incidences per year*/
-      fprintf(ficgp,"# ng=%d\n",ng);
+     fprintf(ficgp,"# ng=%d\n",ng);
-      fprintf(ficgp,"#   jk=1 to 2^%d=%d\n",cptcoveff,m);
+     fprintf(ficgp,"#   jk=1 to 2^%d=%d\n",cptcoveff,m);
-      for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
+     for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
-        fprintf(ficgp,"#    jk=%d\n",jk);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"#    jk=%d\n",jk);
-        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jk,ng);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jk,ng);
-        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480 ");
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480 ");
-        if (ng==1){
+       if (ng==1){
-          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Value of the logit of the model\"\n"); /* exp(a12+b12*x) could be nice */
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Value of the logit of the model\"\n"); /* exp(a12+b12*x) could be nice */
-          fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset log y");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset log y");
-        }else if (ng==2){
+       }else if (ng==2){
-          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Probability\"\n");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Probability\"\n");
-          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
-        }else if (ng==3){
+       }else if (ng==3){
-          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
-          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
-        }else
+       }else
-          fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title ");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title ");
-        fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
-        i=1;
+       i=1;
-        for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
+       for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
-          k3=i;
+         k3=i;
-          for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
+         for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
-            if (k != k2){
+           if (k != k2){
-              switch( ng) {
+             switch( ng) {
-              case 1:
+             case 1:
-                if(nagesqr==0)
+               if(nagesqr==0)
-                  fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
+                 fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
-                else /* nagesqr =1 */
+               else /* nagesqr =1 */
-                  fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
+                 fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
-                break;
+               break;
-              case 2: /* ng=2 */
+             case 2: /* ng=2 */
-                if(nagesqr==0)
+               if(nagesqr==0)
-                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
+                 fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
-                else /* nagesqr =1 */
+               else /* nagesqr =1 */
-                    fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
+                 fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
-                break;
+               break;
-              case 3:
+             case 3:
-                if(nagesqr==0)
+               if(nagesqr==0)
-                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
+                 fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
-                else /* nagesqr =1 */
+               else /* nagesqr =1 */
-                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
+                 fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
-                break;
+               break;
-              }
+             }
-              ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
+             ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
-              for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++) {
+             for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++) {
-                /* printf("Tage[%d]=%d, j=%d\n", ij, Tage[ij], j); */
+               /* printf("Tage[%d]=%d, j=%d\n", ij, Tage[ij], j); */
-                if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
+               if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
-                  if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
+                 if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
-                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
+                   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
-                    /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
+                   /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
-                    ij++;
+                   ij++;
-                  }
+                 }
-                }
+               }
-                else
+               else
-                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]); /* Valgrind bug nbcode */
-              }
+             }
-              if(ng != 1){
+           }else{
-                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
+             i=i-ncovmodel;
+             if(ng !=1 ) /* For logit formula of log p11 is more difficult to get */
+               fprintf(ficgp," (1.");
+           }
+           if(ng != 1){
+             fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
-                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){
+             for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){
-                  if(nagesqr==0)
+               if(nagesqr==0)
-                    fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
+                 fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
-                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
+               else /* nagesqr =1 */
-                    fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+nagesqr);
+                 fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+nagesqr);
-                  ij=1;
+               ij=1;
-                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++){
+               for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++){
-                    if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
+                 if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
-                      if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
+                   if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
-                        fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
+                     fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
-                        /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
+                     /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
-                        ij++;
+                     ij++;
-                      }
+                   }
-                    }
+                 }
-                    else
+                 else
-                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
+                   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);/* Valgrind bug nbcode */
-                  }
+               }
-                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
+               fprintf(ficgp,")");
-                }
+             }
-                fprintf(ficgp,")");
+             fprintf(ficgp,")");
-                if(ng ==2)
+             if(ng ==2)
-                  fprintf(ficgp," t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
+               fprintf(ficgp," t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
-                else /* ng= 3 */
+             else /* ng= 3 */
-                  fprintf(ficgp," t \"i%d%d\" ", k2,k);
+               fprintf(ficgp," t \"i%d%d\" ", k2,k);
-              }else{ /* end ng <> 1 */
+           }else{ /* end ng <> 1 */
-                fprintf(ficgp," t \"logit(p%d%d)\" ", k2,k);
+             if( k !=k2) /* logit p11 is hard to draw */
-              }
+               fprintf(ficgp," t \"logit(p%d%d)\" ", k2,k);
-              if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
+           }
-              i=i+ncovmodel;
+           if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath) && ng != 1)
-            }
+             fprintf(ficgp,",");
-          } /* end k */
+           if (ng == 1 && k!=k2 && (k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath))
-        } /* end k2 */
+             fprintf(ficgp,",");
-        fprintf(ficgp,"\n set out\n");
+           i=i+ncovmodel;
-      } /* end jk */
+         } /* end k */
-    } /* end ng */
+       } /* end k2 */
-  /* avoid: */
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n set out\n");
-    fflush(ficgp);
+     } /* end jk */
+   } /* end ng */
+   /* avoid: */
+   fflush(ficgp);
  }  /* end gnuplot */
  /*************** Moving average **************/
- int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
+ /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage, double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav, double bageout, double fageout){ */
+  int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage, double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
-   int i, cpt, cptcod;
-   int modcovmax =1;
+    int i, cpt, cptcod;
-   int mobilavrange, mob;
+    int modcovmax =1;
-   double age;
+    int mobilavrange, mob;
+    int iage=0;
-   modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose
-                            a covariate has 2 modalities */
+    double sum=0.;
-   if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
+    double age;
+    double *sumnewp, *sumnewm;
-   if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
+    double *agemingood, *agemaxgood; /* Currently identical for all covariates */
-     if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
-     else mobilavrange=mobilav;
-     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
+    /* modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/\* Max number of modalities. We suppose  */
-       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+    /*              a covariate has 2 modalities, should be equal to ncovcombmax  *\/ */
-         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
-           mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+    sumnewp = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
-     /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for
+    sumnewm = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
-        fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
+    agemingood = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
-        we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned.
+    agemaxgood = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
-     */
-     for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
+    for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
-       for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
+      sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
-         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+      sumnewp[cptcod]=0.;
-           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
+      agemingood[cptcod]=0;
-             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+      agemaxgood[cptcod]=0;
-               for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
+    }
-                 mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
+    if (cptcovn<1) ncovcombmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
-                 mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
-               }
+    if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
-             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
+      if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
-           }
+      else mobilavrange=mobilav;
-         }
+      for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
-       }/* end age */
+        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-     }/* end mob */
+          for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++)
-   }else return -1;
+            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
-   return 0;
+      /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for
- }/* End movingaverage */
+         fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
+         we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned.
+      */
+      for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
+        for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
+          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+            for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
+              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+              for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
+                mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
+                mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
+              }
+              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
+            }
+          }
+        }/* end age */
+      }/* end mob */
+    }else
+      return -1;
+    for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
+      /* for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){ */
+      if(invalidvarcomb[cptcod]){
+        printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",cptcod);
+        continue;
+      }
+      agemingood[cptcod]=fage-(mob-1)/2;
+      for (age=fage-(mob-1)/2; age>=bage; age--){/* From oldest to youngest, finding the youngest wrong */
+        sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
+        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+          sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+        }
+        if(fabs(sumnewm[cptcod] - 1.) <= 1.e-3) { /* good */
+          agemingood[cptcod]=age;
+        }else{ /* bad */
+          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+          } /* i */
+        } /* end bad */
+      }/* age */
+      sum=0.;
+      for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+        sum+=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+      }
+      if(fabs(sum - 1.) > 1.e-3) { /* bad */
+        printf("For this combination of covariate cptcod=%d, we can't get a smoothed prevalence which sums to one at any descending age!\n",cptcod);
+        /* for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
+        /*   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod]; */
+        /* } /\* i *\/ */
+      } /* end bad */
+      /* else{ /\* We found some ages summing to one, we will smooth the oldest *\/ */
+      /* From youngest, finding the oldest wrong */
+      agemaxgood[cptcod]=bage+(mob-1)/2;
+      for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage; age++){
+        sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
+        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+          sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+        }
+        if(fabs(sumnewm[cptcod] - 1.) <= 1.e-3) { /* good */
+          agemaxgood[cptcod]=age;
+        }else{ /* bad */
+          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+          } /* i */
+        } /* end bad */
+      }/* age */
+      sum=0.;
+      for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+        sum+=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+      }
+      if(fabs(sum - 1.) > 1.e-3) { /* bad */
+        printf("For this combination of covariate cptcod=%d, we can't get a smoothed prevalence which sums to one at any ascending age!\n",cptcod);
+        /* for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
+        /*   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod]; */
+        /* } /\* i *\/ */
+      } /* end bad */
+      for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++){
+        printf("%d %d ", cptcod, (int)age);
+        sumnewp[cptcod]=0.;
+        sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
+        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+          sumnewp[cptcod]+=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+          sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+          /* printf("%.4f %.4f ",probs[(int)age][i][cptcod], mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
+        }
+        /* printf("%.4f %.4f \n",sumnewp[cptcod], sumnewm[cptcod]); */
+      }
+      /* printf("\n"); */
+      /* } */
+      /* brutal averaging */
+      for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+        for (age=1; age<=bage; age++){
+          mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+          /* printf("age=%d i=%d cptcod=%d mobaverage=%.4f \n",(int)age,i, cptcod, mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
+        }
+        for (age=fage; age<=AGESUP; age++){
+          mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+          /* printf("age=%d i=%d cptcod=%d mobaverage=%.4f \n",(int)age,i, cptcod, mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
+        }
+      } /* end i status */
+      for (i=nlstate+1; i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++){
+        for (age=1; age<=AGESUP; age++){
+          /*printf("i=%d, age=%d, cptcod=%d\n",i, (int)age, cptcod);*/
+          mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=0.;
+        }
+      }
+    }/* end cptcod */
+    free_vector(sumnewm,1, ncovcombmax);
+    free_vector(sumnewp,1, ncovcombmax);
+    free_vector(agemaxgood,1, ncovcombmax);
+    free_vector(agemingood,1, ncovcombmax);
+    return 0;
+  }/* End movingaverage */
  /************** Forecasting ******************/
  void prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
- Line 5061  void prevforecast(char fileres[], double
+ Line 6743  void prevforecast(char fileres[], double
    double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
    double *popeffectif,*popcount;
    double ***p3mat;
-   double ***mobaverage;
+   /* double ***mobaverage; */
    char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
    agelim=AGESUP;
-   prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
+   /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
+      in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
+      We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
+   */
+   /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\ */
+   /*          firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model); */
    strcpy(fileresf,"F_");
    strcat(fileresf,fileresu);
- Line 5073  void prevforecast(char fileres[], double
+ Line 6760  void prevforecast(char fileres[], double
      printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
    }
-   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
+   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresf);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresf);
    if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
-   if (mobilav!=0) {
-     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
-     if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
-       fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-       printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-     }
-   }
    stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
    if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
- Line 5115  void prevforecast(char fileres[], double
+ Line 6795  void prevforecast(char fileres[], double
    for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
        k=k+1;
-       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
+       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#****** hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev \n#");
        for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
-         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                                 fprintf(ficresf," V%d (=) %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
        }
-       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
+       fprintf(ficresf," yearproj age");
-       fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+                                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
            fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
-         fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
+                                 fprintf(ficresf," wp.%d",j);
        }
        for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) {
-         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
-         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);
+                                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);
+                                 for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){
-         for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){
+                                         nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm);
-           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm);
+                                         nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
-           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
+                                         p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+                                         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
-           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+                                         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
-           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
+                                         for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
-           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+                                                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
-             if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
                  fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-               fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
+                                                         fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
-             }
+                                                 }
-             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
+                                                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
-               ppij=0.;
+                                                         ppij=0.;
-               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
+                                                         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
-                 if (mobilav==1)
+                                                                 if (mobilav==1)
-                   ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
+                                                                         ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
-                 else {
+                                                                 else {
-                   ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
+                                                                         ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
-                 }
+                                                                 }
-                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
+                                                                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
-                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
+                                                                         fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
-                 }
+                                                                 }
-               } /* end i */
+                                                         } /* end i */
-               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
+                                                         if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
-                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
+                                                                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
-               }
+                                                         }
-             }/* end j */
+                                                 }/* end j */
-           } /* end h */
+                                         } /* end h */
-           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+                                         free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-         } /* end agec */
+                                 } /* end agec */
        } /* end yearp */
      } /* end cptcod */
    } /* end  cptcov */
-   if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
    fclose(ficresf);
+   printf("End of Computing forecasting \n");
+   fprintf(ficlog,"End of Computing forecasting\n");
  }
+ /* /\************** Back Forecasting ******************\/ */
+ /* void prevbackforecast(char fileres[], double anback1, double mback1, double jback1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anback2, double p[], int cptcoveff){ */
+ /*   /\* back1, year, month, day of starting backection  */
+ /*      agemin, agemax range of age */
+ /*      dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed */
+ /*      anback2 year of en of backection (same day and month as back1). */
+ /*   *\/ */
+ /*   int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1; */
+ /*   double agec; /\* generic age *\/ */
+ /*   double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean; */
+ /*   double *popeffectif,*popcount; */
+ /*   double ***p3mat; */
+ /*   /\* double ***mobaverage; *\/ */
+ /*   char fileresfb[FILENAMELENGTH]; */
+ /*   agelim=AGESUP; */
+ /*   /\* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people */
+ /*      in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2). */
+ /*      We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection. */
+ /*   *\/ */
+ /*   /\* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\ *\/ */
+ /*   /\*              firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model); *\/ */
+ /*   prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
+ /*   strcpy(fileresfb,"FB_");  */
+ /*   strcat(fileresfb,fileresu); */
+ /*   if((ficresfb=fopen(fileresfb,"w"))==NULL) { */
+ /*     printf("Problem with back forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresfb); */
+ /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with back forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresfb); */
+ /*   } */
+ /*   printf("Computing back forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresfb); */
+ /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing back forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresfb); */
+ /*   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1; */
+ /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) { *\/ */
+ /*   /\*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
+ /*   /\*   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ *\/ */
+ /*   /\*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
+ /*   /\*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
+ /*   /\*   } *\/ */
+ /*   /\* } *\/ */
+ /*   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM; */
+ /*   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1; */
+ /*   if(estepm < stepm){ */
+ /*     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm); */
+ /*   } */
+ /*   else  hstepm=estepm;    */
+ /*   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;  */
+ /*   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/\* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and */
+ /*                                fractional in yp1 *\/ */
+ /*   anprojmean=yp; */
+ /*   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp); */
+ /*   mprojmean=yp; */
+ /*   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp); */
+ /*   jprojmean=yp; */
+ /*   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1; */
+ /*   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1; */
+ /*   i1=cptcoveff; */
+ /*   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;} */
+ /*   fprintf(ficresfb,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2);  */
+ /*   fprintf(ficresfb,"#****** Routine prevbackforecast **\n"); */
+ /*      /\*           if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ *\/ */
+ /*   for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
+ /*     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){ */
+ /*       k=k+1; */
+ /*       fprintf(ficresfb,"\n#****** hbijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev \n#"); */
+ /*       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) { */
+ /*                              fprintf(ficresfb," V%d (=) %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
+ /*       } */
+ /*       fprintf(ficresfb," yearbproj age"); */
+ /*       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  */
+ /*                              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)               */
+ /*           fprintf(ficresfb," p%d%d",i,j); */
+ /*                              fprintf(ficresfb," p.%d",j); */
+ /*       } */
+ /*       for (yearp=0; yearp>=(anback2-anback1);yearp -=stepsize) {  */
+ /*                              /\* for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) {  *\/ */
+ /*                              fprintf(ficresfb,"\n"); */
+ /*                              fprintf(ficresfb,"\n# Back Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jback1,mback1,anback1+yearp);    */
+ /*                              for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){  */
+ /*                                      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm);  */
+ /*                                      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  */
+ /*                                      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
+ /*                                      oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
+ /*                                      hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm,oldm,savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, k);       */
+ /*                                      for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){ */
+ /*                                              if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) { */
+ /*               fprintf(ficresfb,"\n"); */
+ /*               for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  */
+ /*                 fprintf(ficresfb,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
+ /*                                                      fprintf(ficresfb,"%.f %.f ",anback1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm); */
+ /*                                              }  */
+ /*                                              for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
+ /*                                                      ppij=0.; */
+ /*                                                      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) { */
+ /*                                                              if (mobilav==1)  */
+ /*                                                                      ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod]; */
+ /*                                                              else { */
+ /*                                                                      ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod]; */
+ /*                                                              } */
+ /*                                                              if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) { */
+ /*                                                                      fprintf(ficresfb," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]); */
+ /*                                                              } */
+ /*                                                      } /\* end i *\/ */
+ /*                                                      if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) { */
+ /*                                                              fprintf(ficresfb," %.3f", ppij); */
+ /*                                                      } */
+ /*                                              }/\* end j *\/ */
+ /*                                      } /\* end h *\/ */
+ /*                                      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
+ /*                              } /\* end agec *\/ */
+ /*       } /\* end yearp *\/ */
+ /*     } /\* end cptcod *\/ */
+ /*   } /\* end  cptcov *\/ */
+ /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
+ /*   fclose(ficresfb); */
+ /*   printf("End of Computing Back forecasting \n"); */
+ /*   fprintf(ficlog,"End of Computing Back forecasting\n"); */
+ /* } */
  /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
  void populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
- Line 5180  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
+ Line 6989  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
    double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
    double *popeffectif,*popcount;
    double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
-   double ***mobaverage;
+   /* double ***mobaverage; */
    char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
    tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
- Line 5202  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
+ Line 7011  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
    if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
-   if (mobilav!=0) {
+   /* if (mobilav!=0) { */
-     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+   /*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
-     if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
+   /*   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ */
-       fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+   /*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
-       printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+   /*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
-     }
+   /*   } */
-   }
+   /* } */
    stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
    if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
- Line 5217  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
+ Line 7026  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
    hstepm=1;
    hstepm=hstepm/stepm;
    if (popforecast==1) {
      if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
- Line 5229  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
+ Line 7038  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
      i=1;
      while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      imx=i;
      for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
    }
    for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
-    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
+     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
        k=k+1;
        fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
        for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
- Line 5249  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
+ Line 7058  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
        for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {
          fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);
          for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){
            nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);
            nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
            p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
            oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
            hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
- Line 5272  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
+ Line 7081  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
                }
                if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                  tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
-                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
+                 /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
-                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
+                   if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                }
              }
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                kk1=0.;
-                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
+               for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
-                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];
+                 kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];
-                 }
+               }
-                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
+               tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
              }
-             if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
+             if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt))
-               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
+               for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
+                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
            }
            free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
          }
        }
-   /******/
+       /******/
        for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {
          fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);
          for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){
- Line 5317  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
+ Line 7127  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
            free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
          }
        }
-    }
+     }
    }
-   if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+   /* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
    if (popforecast==1) {
      free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
      free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
- Line 5331  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
+ Line 7141  void populforecast(char fileres[], doubl
    free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
    fclose(ficrespop);
  } /* End of popforecast */
  int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
  {
    if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
- Line 5472  double gompertz(double x[])
+ Line 7282  double gompertz(double x[])
    double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
    int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
-   for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
+   for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++) {
      sump=sump+weight[i];
      /*    sump=sump+1;*/
      num=num+1;
- Line 5597  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
+ Line 7407  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
    /*-------- data file ----------*/
    FILE *fic;
    char dummy[]="                         ";
-   int i=0, j=0, n=0;
+   int i=0, j=0, n=0, iv=0;
+   int lstra;
    int linei, month, year,iout;
    char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
    char stra[MAXLINE], strb[MAXLINE];
    char *stratrunc;
-   int lstra;
    if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
-     printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);fflush(stdout);
+     printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s with errno='%s'\n", datafile,strerror(errno));fflush(stdout);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);fflush(ficlog);return 1;
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s with errno='%s'\n", datafile,strerror(errno));fflush(ficlog);return 1;
    }
    i=1;
- Line 5629  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
+ Line 7440  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
      }
      trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
      strcpy(line, linetmp);
+     /* Loops on waves */
      for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
+       for (iv=nqtv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on time varying quantitative variables */
+         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' ');
+         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
+           lval=-1;
+           cotqvar[j][iv][i]=-1; /* 0.0/0.0 */
+           if(isalpha(strb[1])) { /* .m or .d Really Missing value */
+             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. If missing, you should remove this individual or impute a value.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, nqtv, j);
+             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. If missing, you should remove this individual or impute a value.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, nqtv, j);fflush(ficlog);
+             return 1;
+           }
+         }else{
+           errno=0;
+           /* what_kind_of_number(strb); */
+           dval=strtod(strb,&endptr);
+           /* if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){ */
+           /* if(strb != endptr && *endptr == '\0') */
+           /*    dval=dlval; */
+           /* if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN)) */
+           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
+             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, nqtv, j,maxwav);
+             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqtv, j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
+             return 1;
+           }
+           cotqvar[j][iv][i]=dval;
+         }
+         strcpy(line,stra);
+       }/* end loop ntqv */
+       for (iv=ntv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on time varying dummies */
+         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' ');
+         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
+           lval=-1;
+         }else{
+           errno=0;
+           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10);
+           /*    if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
+           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
+             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th dummy covariate out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, ntv, j,maxwav);
+             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d dummy covariate out of %d measured wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, ntv,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
+             return 1;
+           }
+         }
+         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
+           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
+  Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
+  for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
+  For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
+  build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
+         V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
+  and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
+  output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
+  Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
+           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
+  Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
+  for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
+  For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
+  build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
+         V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
+  and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
+  output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
+  Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
+           return 1;
+         }
+         cotvar[j][iv][i]=(double)(lval);
+         strcpy(line,stra);
+       }/* end loop ntv */
+       /* Statuses  at wave */
        cutv(stra, strb, line, ' ');
-       if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
+       if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
          lval=-1;
        }else{
          errno=0;
          lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10);
-       /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
+         /*      if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
          if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
            printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
            fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
            return 1;
          }
        }
        s[j][i]=lval;
+       /* Date of Interview */
        strcpy(line,stra);
        cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
        if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
- Line 5662  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
+ Line 7543  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
        anint[j][i]= (double) year;
        mint[j][i]= (double)month;
        strcpy(line,stra);
-     } /* ENd Waves */
+     } /* End loop on waves */
+     /* Date of death */
      cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
      if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
      }
- Line 5672  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
+ Line 7554  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
        year=9999;
      }else{
        printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
-         return 1;
+       return 1;
      }
      andc[i]=(double) year;
      moisdc[i]=(double) month;
      strcpy(line,stra);
+     /* Date of birth */
      cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
      if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
      }
- Line 5688  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
+ Line 7571  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
      }else{
        printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
-         return 1;
+       return 1;
      }
      if (year==9999) {
        printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
-         return 1;
+       return 1;
      }
      annais[i]=(double)(year);
      moisnais[i]=(double)(month);
      strcpy(line,stra);
+     /* Sample weight */
      cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
      errno=0;
      dval=strtod(strb,&endptr);
- Line 5712  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
+ Line 7596  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
      weight[i]=dval;
      strcpy(line,stra);
+     for (iv=nqv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on fixed quantitative variables */
+       cutv(stra, strb, line, ' ');
+       if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
+         lval=-1;
+       }else{
+         errno=0;
+         /* what_kind_of_number(strb); */
+         dval=strtod(strb,&endptr);
+         /* if(strb != endptr && *endptr == '\0') */
+         /*   dval=dlval; */
+         /* if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN)) */
+         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
+           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value (out of %d) constant for all waves. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqv, maxwav);
+           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value (out of %d) constant for all waves. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqv, maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
+           return 1;
+         }
+         coqvar[iv][i]=dval;
+         covar[ncovcol+iv][i]=dval; /* including qvar in standard covar for performance reasons */
+       }
+       strcpy(line,stra);
+     }/* end loop nqv */
+     /* Covariate values */
      for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
        cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
-       if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
+       if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing covariate value */
          lval=-1;
        }else{
          errno=0;
- Line 5729  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
+ Line 7636  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
          printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
   Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
   for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
-  For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
+  For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
-  build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
+  build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
-         V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
+         V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
   and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
-  output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
+  output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
   Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
          fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
   Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
   for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
-  For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
+  For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
-  build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
+  build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
-         V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
+         V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
   and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
-  output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
+  output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
   Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
          return 1;
        }
- Line 5750  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
+ Line 7657  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
        strcpy(line,stra);
      }
      lstra=strlen(stra);
      if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
        stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
        num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
- Line 5762  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
+ Line 7669  int readdata(char datafile[], int firsto
      i=i+1;
    } /* End loop reading  data */
    *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
    fclose(fic);
    return (0);
    /* endread: */
-     printf("Exiting readdata: ");
+   printf("Exiting readdata: ");
-     fclose(fic);
+   fclose(fic);
-     return (1);
+   return (1);
  }
  void removespace(char *str) {
    char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
    do
- Line 5783  void removespace(char *str) {
+ Line 7688  void removespace(char *str) {
    while (*p1++ == *p2++);
  }
- int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
+ int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs)
-    * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age+age*age
+  /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
-    * - nagesqr = 1 if age*age in the model, otherwise 0.
+         * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age+age*age
-    * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8 excepting constant and age and age*age
+         * - nagesqr = 1 if age*age in the model, otherwise 0.
-    * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6 and age*age
+         * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8 excepting constant and age and age*age
-    * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
+         * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6 and age*age
-    * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
+         * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
-    * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
+         * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
-    *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables.
+         * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
-    * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
+         *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables.
-    * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
+         * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
-    *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
+         * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
-    * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
+         *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
-  */
+         * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
+         */
  {
    int i, j, k, ks;
    int  j1, k1, k2;
- Line 5821  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
+ Line 7727  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
      if ((strpt=strstr(model,"age*age")) !=0){
        printf(" strpt=%s, model=%s\n",strpt, model);
        if(strpt != model){
-       printf("Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
+         printf("Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
   'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
   corresponding column of parameters.\n",model);
-       fprintf(ficlog,"Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
+         fprintf(ficlog,"Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
   'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
   corresponding column of parameters.\n",model); fflush(ficlog);
-       return 1;
+         return 1;
-     }
+       }
        nagesqr=1;
        if (strstr(model,"+age*age") !=0)
          substrchaine(modelsav, model, "+age*age");
- Line 5842  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
+ Line 7747  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
      if (strlen(modelsav) >1){
        j=nbocc(modelsav,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
        j1=nbocc(modelsav,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
-       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V1*age+V3 +V3*V4+age*age=> V1 + V3 =2  */
+       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V1*age+V3 +V3*V4+age*age=> V1 + V3 =5-3=2  */
        cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model, not including
-                    * cst, age and age*age
+                      * cst, age and age*age
-                    * V1+V1*age+ V3 + V3*V4+age*age=> 4*/
+                      * V1+V1*age+ V3 + V3*V4+age*age=> 3+1=4*/
-                   /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
+       /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
-                   * but the covariates which are products must be treated
+        * but the covariates which are products must be treated
-                   * separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
+        * separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
        cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
        cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
        /*   Design
         *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
         *  <          ncovcol=8                >
- Line 5860  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
+ Line 7765  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
         *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
         *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
         *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
-        *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
+        *       covar[1][i]= (V1), covar[4][i]=(V4), covar[8][i]=(V8)
-        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
+        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[2]=1 Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
         *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and
         *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
         *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
- Line 5886  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
+ Line 7791  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
         *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
         * Struct []
         */
        /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
        /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
        /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
- Line 5901  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
+ Line 7806  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
        /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k])]]*cov[2]; */
        /*
         * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
-       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
+       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates not including constant and age, neither age*age*/
          Tvar[k]=0;
        cptcovage=0;
        for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
- Line 5917  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
+ Line 7822  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
              cptcovprod--;
              cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
              Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2; V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1 */
+             Typevar[k]=1;  /* 1 for age product */
              cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
              Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tvar[4]=3, Tage[1] = 4 or V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1, Tage[1]=2 */
              /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
- Line 5924  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
+ Line 7830  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
              cptcovprod--;
              cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
              Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
+             Typevar[k]=1;  /* 1 for age product */
              cptcovage++;
              Tage[cptcovage]=k;
            } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
- Line 5931  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
+ Line 7838  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
              cptcovn++;
              cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
              cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
-             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
+             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
-                                    ncovcol + k1
+                                    which is after existing variables ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
+             Typevar[k]=2;  /* 2 for double fixed dummy covariates */
              cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
              Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
              Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
              Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
-             k2=k2+2;
+             k2=k2+2;  /* k2 is initialize to -1, We want to store the n and m in Vn*Vm at the end of Tvar */
-             Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
+             /* Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /\* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) *\/ */
-             Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
+             /* Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /\* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) *\/ */
+             /*ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2, Tvar[3]=5, Tvar[4]=6, cptcovt=5 */
+             /*                     1  2   3      4     5 | Tvar[5+1)=1, Tvar[7]=2   */
              for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
                /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                   covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
- Line 5954  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
+ Line 7864  int decodemodel ( char model[], int last
            /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
            /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
            cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
-           ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
+           ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates*/
-           cptcovn++;
+           cptcovn++; /** V4+V3+V5: V4 and V3 timevarying dummy covariates, V5 timevarying quantitative */
            Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
+           Typevar[k]=0;  /* 0 for simple covariates */
          }
          strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */
-         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
+                                 /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
-           scanf("%d",i);*/
+                                   scanf("%d",i);*/
        } /* end of loop + on total covariates */
      } /* end if strlen(modelsave == 0) age*age might exist */
    } /* end if strlen(model == 0) */
    /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
      If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
    /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
-   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
+      printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
+      scanf("%d ",i);*/
-   scanf("%d ",i);*/
+ /* Decodemodel knows only the grammar (simple, product, age*) of the model but not what kind
+    of variable (dummy vs quantitative, fixed vs time varying) is behind */
+ /* ncovcol= 1, nqv=1 | ntv=2, nqtv= 1  = 5 possible variables data: 2 fixed 3, varying
+    model=        V5 + V4 +V3 + V4*V3 + V5*age + V2 + V1*V2 + V1*age + V5*age, V1 is not used saving its place
+    k =           1    2   3     4       5       6      7      8        9
+    Tvar[k]=      5    4   3 1+1+2+1+1=6 5       2      7      1        5
+    Typevar[k]=   0    0   0     2       1       0      2      1        1
+    Fixed[Tvar[k]]1    1   1     1       2       0      1      2        3
+    Dummy[Tvar[k]]1    0   0     0       2       1      1      2        3
+ */
+ /* Dispatching between quantitative and time varying covariates */
+   /* If Tvar[k] >ncovcol it is a product */
+   /* Tvar[k] is the value n of Vn with n varying for 1 to nvcol, or p  Vp=Vn*Vm for product */
+         /* Computing effective variables, ie used by the model, that is from the cptcovt variables */
+   for(k=1, ncoveff=0, nqfveff=0, ntveff=0, nqtveff=0;k<=cptcovt; k++){ /* or cptocvt */
+     if (Tvar[k] <=ncovcol && (Typevar[k]==0 || Typevar[k]==2)){ /* Simple or product fixed dummy covariatee */
+       Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 0;
+       Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 0;
+       ncoveff++;
+     }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv && Typevar[k]==0){ /* Remind that product Vn*Vm are added in k*/
+       Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 0;
+       Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+       nqfveff++;  /* Only simple fixed quantitative variable */
+     }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv && Typevar[k]==0){
+       Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+       Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 0;
+       ntveff++; /* Only simple time varying dummy variable */
+     }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
+       if( Typevar[k]==0){
+         Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+         Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+         nqtveff++;/* Only simple time varying quantitative variable */
+       }
+     }else if (Typevar[k] == 2) {
+       for(k1=1; k1 <= cptcovprodnoage; k1++){
+         if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol){
+           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 0;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 0;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 0;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }
+         }else if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol+nqv){
+           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 0;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 0;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }
+         }else if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
+           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 0;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }
+         }else if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
+           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
+             Fixed[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+             Dummy[Tvar[k]]= 1;
+           }
+         }else{
+           printf("Error unknown type of covariate: Tvard[%d][1]=%d,Tvard[%d][2]=%d\n",k1,Tvard[k1][1],k1,Tvard[k1][2]);
+           fprintf(ficlog,"Error unknown type of covariate: Tvard[%d][1]=%d,Tvard[%d][2]=%d\n",k1,Tvard[k1][1],k1,Tvard[k1][2]);
+         }
+       } /* end k1 */
+     }else{
+       printf("Error, current version can't treat for performance reasons, Tvar[%d]=%d, Typevar[%d]=%d\n", k, Tvar[k], k, Typevar[k]);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Error, current version can't treat for performance reasons, Tvar[%d]=%d, Typevar[%d]=%d\n", k, Tvar[k], k, Typevar[k]);
+     }
+     printf("Decodemodel, k=%d, Tvar[%d]=V%d,Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n",k, k,Tvar[k],Typevar[k],Fixed[Tvar[k]],Dummy[Tvar[k]]);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Decodemodel, k=%d, Tvar[%d]=V%d,Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n",k, k,Tvar[k],Typevar[k],Fixed[Tvar[k]],Dummy[Tvar[k]]);
+   }
+   printf("Model=%s\n\
+ Typevar: 0 for simple covariate (dummy, quantitative, fixed or varying), 1 for age product, 2 for  product \n\
+ Fixed[Tvar[k]] 0=fixed, 1 varying, 2 fixed with age product, 3 varying with age product \n\
+ Dummy[Tvar[k]] 0=dummy (0 1), 1 quantitative (single or product without age), 2 dummy with age product, 3 quant with age product\n",model);
+   printf("ncoveff=%d, nqfveff=%d, ntveff=%d, nqtveff=%d, cptcovn=%d\n",ncoveff,nqfveff,ntveff,nqtveff,cptcovn);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"ncoveff=%d, nqfveff=%d, ntveff=%d, nqtveff=%d, cptcovn=%d\n",ncoveff,nqfveff,ntveff,nqtveff,cptcovn);
    return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */
    /*endread:*/
-     printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
+   printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
-     return (1);
+   return (1);
  }
  int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
  {
    int i, m;
+   int firstone=0;
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
      for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
        if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
          anint[m][i]=9999;
-         s[m][i]=-1;
+         if (s[m][i] != -2) /* Keeping initial status of unknown vital status */
+           s[m][i]=-1;
        }
        if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
          *nberr = *nberr + 1;
-         printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased (%d)\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr);
+         if(firstone == 0){
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased (%d)\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr);
+           firstone=1;
+         printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results can be biased (%d) because status is a death state %d at wave %d. Wave dropped.\nOther similar cases in log file\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr,s[m][i],m);
+         }
+         fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results can be biased (%d) because status is a death state %d at wave %d. Wave dropped.\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr,s[m][i],m);
          s[m][i]=-1;
        }
        if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
- Line 6009  int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav,
+ Line 8034  int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav,
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
      agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
      for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
-       if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
+       if(s[m][i] >0  || s[m][i]==-1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){ /* What if s[m][i]=-1 */
          if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
            if(agedc[i]>0){
              if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999){
                agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
-           /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
+               /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
              }else {
                if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                  nbwarn++;
- Line 6024  int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav,
+ Line 8049  int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav,
                }
              }
            } /* agedc > 0 */
-         }
+         } /* end if */
          else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                   years but with the precision of a month */
            agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
- Line 6040  int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav,
+ Line 8065  int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav,
            }
            /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
            /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
-         }
+         } /* en if 9*/
          else { /* =9 */
+           /* printf("Debug num[%d]=%ld s[%d][%d]=%d\n",i,num[i], m,i, s[m][i]); */
            agev[m][i]=1;
            s[m][i]=-1;
          }
        }
-       else /*= 0 Unknown */
+       else if(s[m][i]==0) /*= 0 Unknown */
          agev[m][i]=1;
-     }
+       else{
+         printf("Warning, num[%d]=%ld, s[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, num[i], m, i,s[m][i]);
+         fprintf(ficlog, "Warning, num[%d]=%ld, s[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, num[i], m, i,s[m][i]);
+         agev[m][i]=0;
+       }
+     } /* End for lastpass */
    }
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
      for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
        if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
- Line 6274  void syscompilerinfo(int logged)
+ Line 8305  void syscompilerinfo(int logged)
  #endif
-  }
+ }
- int prevalence_limit(double *p, double **prlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar){
+ int prevalence_limit(double *p, double **prlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp){
    /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
    int i, j, k, i1 ;
-   double ftolpl = 1.e-10;
+   /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
    double age, agebase, agelim;
+   double tot;
-     strcpy(filerespl,"PL_");
+   strcpy(filerespl,"PL_");
-     strcat(filerespl,fileresu);
+   strcat(filerespl,fileresu);
-     if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
+   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
-       printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
+     printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
-       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
-     }
+   }
-     printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
+   printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
-     pstamp(ficrespl);
+   pstamp(ficrespl);
-     fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence \n");
+   fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
-     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
+   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
-     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
+   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
-     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
+   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
-     /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
+   /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
-     agebase=ageminpar;
+   agebase=ageminpar;
-     agelim=agemaxpar;
+   agelim=agemaxpar;
-     i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
+   i1=pow(2,ncoveff);
-     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
+   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
-     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
+   for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){
+   /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
      /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
-       //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
+     //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
-         k=k+1;
+     /* k=k+1; */
-         /* to clean */
+     /* to clean */
-         //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
+     //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
-         fprintf(ficrespl,"#******");
+     fprintf(ficrespl,"#******");
-         printf("#******");
+     printf("#******");
-         fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
+     fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
+     for(j=1;j<=nqfveff;j++) {
-           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-           printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-         }
+     }
-         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
+     fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
-         printf("******\n");
+     printf("******\n");
-         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
+     fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
+                 if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
-         fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
+                                                 printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
+                                                 fprintf(ficrespl,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
-           fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
-         }
+                                                 continue;
-         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
+                 }
-         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
+     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
+     for(j=1;j<=nqfveff;j++) {
+       fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+     }
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
+     fprintf(ficrespl,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
-         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
+     for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
-         /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
+       /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
-           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
+       prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
-           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
+       fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
-           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
+       for(j=1;j<=nqfveff;j++)
-             fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                                                         fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+       tot=0.;
-             fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
+       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
-           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
+                                                         tot +=  prlim[i][i];
-         } /* Age */
+                                                         fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
-         /* was end of cptcod */
+       }
-     } /* cptcov */
+       fprintf(ficrespl," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
-         return 0;
+     } /* Age */
+     /* was end of cptcod */
+   } /* cptcov */
+   return 0;
+ }
+ int back_prevalence_limit(double *p, double **bprlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass, int mobilavproj){
+         /*--------------- Back Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
+         /* Computes the back prevalence limit  for any combination      of covariate values
+    * at any age between ageminpar and agemaxpar
+          */
+   int i, j, k, i1 ;
+   /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
+   double age, agebase, agelim;
+   double tot;
+   /* double ***mobaverage; */
+   /* double      **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm;  /\* for use *\/ */
+   strcpy(fileresplb,"PLB_");
+   strcat(fileresplb,fileresu);
+   if((ficresplb=fopen(fileresplb,"w"))==NULL) {
+     printf("Problem with period (stable) back prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresplb);return 1;
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) back prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresplb);return 1;
+   }
+   printf("Computing period (stable) back prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", fileresplb);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) back prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", fileresplb);
+   pstamp(ficresplb);
+   fprintf(ficresplb,"# Period (stable) back prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
+   fprintf(ficresplb,"#Age ");
+   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficresplb,"%d-%d ",i,i);
+   fprintf(ficresplb,"\n");
+   /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
+   agebase=ageminpar;
+   agelim=agemaxpar;
+   i1=pow(2,nqfveff);
+   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
+         for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){
+   /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
+     /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
+     //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
+     /* k=k+1; */
+     /* to clean */
+     //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
+     fprintf(ficresplb,"#******");
+     printf("#******");
+     fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
+     for(j=1;j<=nqfveff;j++) {
+       fprintf(ficresplb," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+     }
+     fprintf(ficresplb,"******\n");
+     printf("******\n");
+     fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
+                 if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
+                                                 printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+                                                 fprintf(ficresplb,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+                                                 continue;
+                 }
+     fprintf(ficresplb,"#Age ");
+     for(j=1;j<=nqfveff;j++) {
+       fprintf(ficresplb,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+     }
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficresplb,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
+     fprintf(ficresplb,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
+     for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
+       /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
+       if(mobilavproj > 0){
+         /* bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, ageminpar, agemaxpar, oldm, savm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
+         /* bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
+                                 bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
+       }else if (mobilavproj == 0){
+                                 printf("There is no chance to get back prevalence limit if data aren't non zero and summing to 1, please try a non null mobil_average(=%d) parameter or mobil_average=-1 if you want to try at your own risk.\n",mobilavproj);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"There is no chance to get back prevalence limit if data aren't non zero and summing to 1, please try a non null mobil_average(=%d) parameter or mobil_average=-1 if you want to try at your own risk.\n",mobilavproj);
+                                 exit(1);
+       }else{
+                                 /* bprevalim(bprlim, probs, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
+                                 bprevalim(bprlim, probs, nlstate, p, age, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficresplb,"%.0f ",age );
+       for(j=1;j<=nqfveff;j++)
+                                 fprintf(ficresplb,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       tot=0.;
+       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+                                 tot +=  bprlim[i][i];
+                                 fprintf(ficresplb," %.5f", bprlim[i][i]);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficresplb," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
+     } /* Age */
+     /* was end of cptcod */
+   } /* cptcov */
+   /* hBijx(p, bage, fage); */
+   /* fclose(ficrespijb); */
+   return 0;
  }
  int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage){
      /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
- Line 6370  int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage)
+ Line 8515  int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage)
      agelim=AGESUP;
      hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
      hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
      /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
      pstamp(ficrespij);
      fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
-     i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
+     i1= pow(2,nqfveff);
-    /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
+                 /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
-    /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
+                 /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
-    /*   k=k+1;  */
+                 /*      k=k+1;  */
-     for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
+     for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,nqfveff); k++){
        fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
-       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
+       for(j=1;j<=nqfveff;j++)
          fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
        fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
- Line 6411  int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage)
+ Line 8556  int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage)
        }
        /*}*/
      }
-         return 0;
+     return 0;
  }
+  int hBijx(double *p, int bage, int fage, double ***prevacurrent){
+     /*------------- h Bij x at various ages ------------*/
+   int stepsize;
+   /* int agelim; */
+         int ageminl;
+   int hstepm;
+   int nhstepm;
+   int h, i, i1, j, k;
+   double agedeb;
+   double ***p3mat;
+   strcpy(filerespijb,"PIJB_");  strcat(filerespijb,fileresu);
+   if((ficrespijb=fopen(filerespijb,"w"))==NULL) {
+     printf("Problem with Pij back resultfile: %s\n", filerespijb); return 1;
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij back resultfile: %s\n", filerespijb); return 1;
+   }
+   printf("Computing pij back: result on file '%s' \n", filerespijb);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij back: result on file '%s' \n", filerespijb);
+   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
+   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
+   /* agelim=AGESUP; */
+   ageminl=30;
+   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
+   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
+   /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
+   pstamp(ficrespijb);
+   fprintf(ficrespijb,"#****** h Pij x Back Probability to be in state i at age x-h being in j at x ");
+   i1= pow(2,nqfveff);
+   /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
+   /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
+   /*    k=k+1;  */
+   for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,nqfveff); k++){
+     fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n#****** ");
+     for(j=1;j<=nqfveff;j++)
+       fprintf(ficrespijb,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+     fprintf(ficrespijb,"******\n");
+     if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
+       fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+       continue;
+     }
+     /* for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /\* If stepm=6 months *\/ */
+     for (agedeb=bage; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){ /* If stepm=6 months and estepm=24 (2 years) */
+       /* nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /\* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 *\/ */
+       nhstepm=(int) rint((agedeb-ageminl)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
+       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10, because estepm=24 stepm=6 => hstepm=24/6=4 */
+       /*          nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
+       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+       /* oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
+       /* hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);   */
+       hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm, k);
+       /* hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, k); */
+       fprintf(ficrespijb,"# Cov Agex agex-h hpijx with i,j=");
+       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
+           fprintf(ficrespijb," %1d-%1d",i,j);
+       fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
+       for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+         /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
+         fprintf(ficrespijb,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb - h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
+         /* fprintf(ficrespijb,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ); */
+         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+           for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
+             fprintf(ficrespijb," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
+         fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
+       }
+       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+       fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
+     }
+     /*}*/
+   }
+   return 0;
+  } /*  hBijx */
  /***********************************************/
- Line 6430  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8656  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
  #endif
    int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
    int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter=0,m,size=100, cptcod;
+   int ncvyear=0; /* Number of years needed for the period prevalence to converge */
    int jj, ll, li, lj, lk;
    int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
    int num_filled;
- Line 6445  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8671  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    double agedeb=0.;
    double ageminpar=AGEOVERFLOW,agemin=AGEOVERFLOW, agemaxpar=-AGEOVERFLOW, agemax=-AGEOVERFLOW;
+   double ageminout=-AGEOVERFLOW,agemaxout=AGEOVERFLOW; /* Smaller Age range redefined after movingaverage */
    double fret;
    double dum=0.; /* Dummy variable */
    double ***p3mat;
-   double ***mobaverage;
+   /* double ***mobaverage; */
    char line[MAXLINE];
    char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE];
- Line 6465  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8692  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    int *tab;
    int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
+   int backcast=0;
    int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
    int hstepm=0, nhstepm=0;
    int agemortsup;
- Line 6475  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8703  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    double bage=0, fage=110., age, agelim=0., agebase=0.;
    double ftolpl=FTOL;
    double **prlim;
+   double **bprlim;
    double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
    double  *p;
    double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
+   double **hess; /* Hessian matrix */
    double ***delti3; /* Scale */
    double *delti; /* Scale */
    double ***eij, ***vareij;
- Line 6485  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8715  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    double *epj, vepp;
    double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
+   double jback1=1,mback1=1,anback1=2000,jback2=1,mback2=1,anback2=2000;
    double **ximort;
    char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
    int *dcwave;
- Line 6537  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8769  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    printf("\nIMaCh version %s, %s\n%s",version, copyright, fullversion);
    if(argc <=1){
      printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
-     fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
+     if(!fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin)){
+       printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
+       goto end;
+     }
      i=strlen(pathr);
      if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
        pathr[i-1]='\0';
      i=strlen(pathr);
-     if(pathr[i-1]==' ') /* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
+     if(i >= 1 && pathr[i-1]==' ') {/* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
        pathr[i-1]='\0';
-    for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
+     }
+     i=strlen(pathr);
+     if( i==0 ){
+       printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
+       goto end;
+     }
+     for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
        printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
        while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
        printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
- Line 6677  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8918  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      }else
        break;
    }
-   if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"ftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", \
+   if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"ftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", \
-                         &ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate, &ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt)) !=EOF){
+                         &ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nqv, &ntv, &nqtv, &nlstate, &ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt)) !=EOF){
-     if (num_filled != 8) {
+     if (num_filled != 11) {
-       printf("Not 8\n");
+       printf("Not 11 parameters, for example:ftol=1.e-8 stepm=12 ncovcol=2 nqv=1 ntv=2 nqtv=1  nlstate=2 ndeath=1 maxwav=3 mle=1 weight=1\n");
+       printf("but line=%s\n",line);
      }
-     printf("ftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n",ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);
+     printf("ftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n",ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);
    }
+   /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
+   /*ftolpl=6.e-4; *//* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
    /* Third parameter line */
    while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
      /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
- Line 6714  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8957  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
        }
      }
      /* printf(" model=1+age%s modeltemp= %s, model=%s\n",model, modeltemp, model);fflush(stdout); */
+     printf("model=1+age+%s\n",model);fflush(stdout);
    }
    /* fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=1+age+%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model); */
    /* numlinepar=numlinepar+3; /\* In general *\/ */
    /* printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model); */
-   if(model[strlen(model)-1]=='.') /* Suppressing leading dot in the model */
+   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
-     model[strlen(model)-1]='\0';
+   fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
-   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
    fflush(ficlog);
    /* if(model[0]=='#'|| model[0]== '\0'){ */
    if(model[0]=='#'){
- Line 6750  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8992  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
+   coqvar=matrix(1,nqv,1,n);  /**< Fixed quantitative covariate */
+   cotvar=ma3x(1,maxwav,1,ntv,1,n);  /**< Time varying covariate */
+   cotqvar=ma3x(1,maxwav,1,nqtv,1,n);  /**< Time varying quantitative covariate */
    cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
    /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
       v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
- Line 6779  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 9024  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      fclose (ficlog);
      goto end;
      exit(0);
-   }
+   }  else if(mle==-5) { /* Main Wizard */
-   else if(mle==-3) { /* Main Wizard */
      prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
      printf(" You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
      fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
      param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
      matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
-   }
+     hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
-   else{
+   }  else{ /* Begin of mle != -1 or -5 */
      /* Read guessed parameters */
      /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
      while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
- Line 6802  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 9046  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
      for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
-       j=0;
+                         j=0;
        for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
-         if(jj==i) continue;
+                                 if(jj==i) continue;
-         j++;
+                                 j++;
-         fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
+                                 fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
-         if ((i1 != i) || (j1 != jj)){
+                                 if ((i1 != i) || (j1 != jj)){
-           printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
+                                         printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
  It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
  run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
-           exit(1);
+                                         exit(1);
-         }
+                                 }
-         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
+                                 fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
-         if(mle==1)
+                                 if(mle==1)
-           printf("%1d%1d",i,jj);
+                                         printf("%1d%1d",i,jj);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,jj);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,jj);
-         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
+                                 for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
-           fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
+                                         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
-           if(mle==1){
+                                         if(mle==1){
-             printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
+                                                 printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
-             fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
-           }
+                                         }
-           else
+                                         else
-             fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
-           fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
+                                         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
-         }
+                                 }
-         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
+                                 fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
-         numlinepar++;
+                                 numlinepar++;
-         if(mle==1)
+                                 if(mle==1)
-           printf("\n");
+                                         printf("\n");
-         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
-         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
        }
      }
      fflush(ficlog);
- Line 6853  run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct t
+ Line 9097  run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct t
      for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
        for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
-         fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
+                                 fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
-         if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
+                                 if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
-           printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
+                                         printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
-           exit(1);
+                                         exit(1);
-         }
+                                 }
-         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
+                                 printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
-         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
+                                 fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
-         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
+                                 for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
-           fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
+                                         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
-           printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
+                                         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
-           fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
+                                         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
-           fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
-         }
+                                 }
-         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
+                                 fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
-         numlinepar++;
+                                 numlinepar++;
-         printf("\n");
+                                 printf("\n");
-         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
-         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        }
      }
      fflush(ficlog);
      /* Reads covariance matrix */
      delti=delti3[1][1];
      /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
      /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
      while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
        ungetc(c,ficpar);
- Line 6892  run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct t
+ Line 9136  run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct t
        fputs(line,ficlog);
      }
      ungetc(c,ficpar);
      matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
+     hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
      for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
        for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
      /* Scans npar lines */
      for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
-       count=fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d%1d",&i1,&j1,&jk);
+       count=fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d%d",&i1,&j1,&jk);
        if(count != 3){
          printf("Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
  This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
- Line 6908  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9153  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
  This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
          exit(1);
-       }else
+       }else{
-       if(mle==1)
+         if(mle==1)
-         printf("%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
+           printf("%1d%1d%d",i1,j1,jk);
-       fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
+       }
-       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i1,j1,jk);
+       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i1,j1,jk);
        for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
          fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
          if(mle==1){
- Line 6924  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9170  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
        fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
        numlinepar++;
        if(mle==1)
-         printf("\n");
+                                 printf("\n");
        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
      }
- Line 6950  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9196  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
      }
      fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
    }    /* End of mle != -3 */
    /*  Main data
     */
    n= lastobs;
- Line 6959  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9205  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
    annais=vector(1,n);
    moisdc=vector(1,n);
    andc=vector(1,n);
+   weight=vector(1,n);
    agedc=vector(1,n);
    cod=ivector(1,n);
-   weight=vector(1,n);
+   for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
-   for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
+                 num[i]=0;
+                 moisnais[i]=0;
+                 annais[i]=0;
+                 moisdc[i]=0;
+                 andc[i]=0;
+                 agedc[i]=0;
+                 cod[i]=0;
+                 weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
+         }
    mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
    anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
    s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */
- Line 6982  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9237  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
          k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
      */
    Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
+   Typevar=ivector(-1,NCOVMAX); /* -1 to 2 */
+   Fixed=ivector(-1,NCOVMAX); /* -1 to 3 */
+   Dummy=ivector(-1,NCOVMAX); /* -1 to 3 */
    /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs).
        For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4,
        Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
- Line 7007  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9265  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
  /* Main decodemodel */
-   if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
+   if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1) /* In order to get Tvar[k] V4+V3+V5 p Tvar[1]@3  = {4, 3, 5}*/
      goto end;
    if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
- Line 7032  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9290  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
    free_vector(annais,1,n);
    /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
-   free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
+   /* free_vector(moisdc,1,n); */
-   free_vector(andc,1,n);
+   /* free_vector(andc,1,n); */
    /* */
    wav=ivector(1,imx);
-   dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+   /* dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
-   bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+   /* bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
-   mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+   /* mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
+   dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); /* We are adding a wave if status is unknown at last wave but death occurs after last wave.*/
+   bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
+   mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
    /* Concatenates waves */
+   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
+      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
+      mw[mi][i] is the number of (mi=1 to wav[i]) effective wave out of mi of individual i
+      dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
+      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
+   */
    concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
    /* */
-   /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
+   free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
+   free_vector(andc,1,n);
+   /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
    nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
    ncodemax[1]=1;
    Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);
-   if (ncovmodel-nagesqr > 2 ) /* That is if covariate other than cst, age and age*age */
+   cptcoveff=0;
-     tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
+   if (ncovmodel-nagesqr > 2 ){ /* That is if covariate other than cst, age and age*age */
-   /* Nbcode gives the value of the lth modality of jth covariate, in
+     tricode(&cptcoveff,Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
+         }
+         ncovcombmax=pow(2,cptcoveff);
+         invalidvarcomb=ivector(1, ncovcombmax);
+         for(i=1;i<ncovcombmax;i++)
+                 invalidvarcomb[i]=0;
+   /* Nbcode gives the value of the lth modality (currently 1 to 2) of jth covariate, in
       V2+V1*age, there are 3 covariates Tvar[2]=1 (V1).*/
-   /* 1 to ncodemax[j] is the maximum value of this jth covariate */
+   /* 1 to ncodemax[j] which is the maximum value of this jth covariate */
    /*  codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);*/ /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
    /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtabm(100,10));*/
    /* codtab gives the value 1 or 2 of the hth combination of k covariates (1 or 2).*/
-   h=0;
+   /* nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(h,j)]) : if there are only 2 modalities for a covariate j,
+    * codtabm(h,j) gives its value classified at position h and nbcode gives how it is coded
+    * (currently 0 or 1) in the data.
+    * In a loop on h=1 to 2**k, and a loop on j (=1 to k), we get the value of
+    * corresponding modality (h,j).
+    */
+   h=0;
    /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
            /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
-            * For k=4 covariates, h goes from 1 to 2**k
+            * For k=4 covariates, h goes from 1 to m=2**k
-            * codtabm(h,k)=  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
+            * codtabm(h,k)=  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1)) + 1;
+            * #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
             *     h\k   1     2     3     4
             *______________________________
             *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
- Line 7089  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9371  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
             *    15 i=8 1     2     2     2
             *    16     2     2     2     2
             */
-   for(h=1; h <=100 ;h++){
+   /* How to do the opposite? From combination h (=1 to 2**k) how to get the value on the covariates? */
-     /* printf("h=%2d ", h); */
+      /* from h=5 and m, we get then number of covariates k=log(m)/log(2)=4
-      /* for(k=1; k <=10; k++){ */
+      * and the value of each covariate?
-        /* printf("k=%d %d ",k,codtabm(h,k)); */
+      * V1=1, V2=1, V3=2, V4=1 ?
-      /*   codtab[h][k]=codtabm(h,k); */
+      * h-1=4 and 4 is 0100 or reverse 0010, and +1 is 1121 ok.
-      /* } */
+      * h=6, 6-1=5, 5 is 0101, 1010, 2121, V1=2nd, V2=1st, V3=2nd, V4=1st.
-      /* printf("\n"); */
+      * In order to get the real value in the data, we use nbcode
-   }
+      * nbcode[Tvar[3][2nd]]=1 and nbcode[Tvar[4][1]]=0
-   /* for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /\* scans any effective covariate *\/ */
+      * We are keeping this crazy system in order to be able (in the future?)
-   /*   for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /\* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 *\/  */
+      * to have more than 2 values (0 or 1) for a covariate.
-   /*     for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /\* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*\/ */
+      * #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
-   /*    for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /\* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 *\/  */
+      * h=6, k=2? h-1=5=0101, reverse 1010, +1=2121, k=2nd position: value is 1: codtabm(6,2)=1
-   /*      h++; */
+      *              bbbbbbbb
-   /*      if (h>m)  */
+      *              76543210
-   /*        h=1; */
+      *   h-1        00000101 (6-1=5)
-   /*      codtab[h][k]=j; */
+      *(h-1)>>(k-1)= 00000010 >> (2-1) = 1 right shift
-   /*      /\* codtab[12][3]=1; *\/ */
+      *           &
-   /*      /\*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*\/ */
+      *     1        00000001 (1)
-   /*      /\* printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]); *\/ */
+      *              00000000        = 1 & ((h-1) >> (k-1))
-   /*    }  */
+      *          +1= 00000001 =1
-   /*     } */
+      *
-   /*   } */
+      * h=14, k=3 => h'=h-1=13, k'=k-1=2
-   /* }  */
+      *          h'      1101 =2^3+2^2+0x2^1+2^0
-   /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);
+      *    >>k'            11
-      codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
+      *          &   00000001
-   /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){  */
+      *            = 00000001
-   /*    for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){ */
+      *      +1    = 00000010=2    =  codtabm(14,3)
-   /*      printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff); */
+      * Reverse h=6 and m=16?
-   /*    } */
+      * cptcoveff=log(16)/log(2)=4 covariate: 6-1=5=0101 reversed=1010 +1=2121 =>V1=2, V2=1, V3=2, V4=1.
-   /*    printf("\n"); */
+      * for (j=1 to cptcoveff) Vj=decodtabm(j,h,cptcoveff)
-   /* } */
+      * decodtabm(h,j,cptcoveff)= (((h-1) >> (j-1)) & 1) +1
-   /*   scanf("%d",i);*/
+      * decodtabm(h,j,cptcoveff)= (h <= (1<<cptcoveff)?(((h-1) >> (j-1)) & 1) +1 : -1)
+      * V3=decodtabm(14,3,2**4)=2
+      *          h'=13   1101 =2^3+2^2+0x2^1+2^0
+      *(h-1) >> (j-1)    0011 =13 >> 2
+      *          &1 000000001
+      *           = 000000001
+      *         +1= 000000010 =2
+      *                  2211
+      *                  V1=1+1, V2=0+1, V3=1+1, V4=1+1
+      *                  V3=2
+                  * codtabm and decodtabm are identical
+      */
   free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
- Line 7136  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9430  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
      printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
    }
    else{
-     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version);
+     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# IMaCh-%s\n", version);
      fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);
      //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
      fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
- Line 7163  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9457  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
    else{
    fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
  <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
- Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
+ Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
            optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
    }
-   fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
+   fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<head>\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\"/><meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"7\"><a href=http:/euroreves.ined.fr/imach>IMaCh for Interpolated Markov Chain</a> </font><br>\n<font size=\"3\">Sponsored by Copyright (C)  2002-2015 <a href=http://www.ined.fr>INED</a>-EUROREVES-Institut de longévité-2013-2016-Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences 日本学術振興会 (<a href=https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/>Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121</a>) - <a href=https://software.intel.com/en-us>Intel Software 2015-2018</a></font><br>  \
  <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
- Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
+ <font size=\"2\">IMaCh-%s <br> %s</font> \
+ <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
+ Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n\
  \n\
  <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
   <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
- Line 7193  Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d La
+ Line 9489  Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d La
  #endif
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
+                  and for any valid combination of covariates
       and prints on file fileres'p'. */
-   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
+   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvaraff, invalidvarcomb, nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,    \
+                                                         firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model);
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
    fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
- Line 7203  Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.
+ Line 9501  Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.
  Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
            imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
    pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
-     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
+         oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
-     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
+         newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
-     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
+         savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
-     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
+         oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
    /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
       so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
    p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
- Line 7217  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9514  Interval (in months) between two waves:
    /* For mortality only */
    if (mle==-3){
      ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
+                 for(i=1;i<=NDIM;i++)
+                         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
+                                 ximort[i][j]=0.;
      /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
      cens=ivector(1,n);
      ageexmed=vector(1,n);
      agecens=vector(1,n);
      dcwave=ivector(1,n);
      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        dcwave[i]=-1;
        for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
- Line 7232  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9532  Interval (in months) between two waves:
            break;
          }
      }
      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
        if (wav[i]>0){
          ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
          j=wav[i];
          agecens[i]=1.;
          if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
            agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
            cens[i]= 1;
- Line 7361  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9661  Interval (in months) between two waves:
  #endif
      fclose(ficrespow);
-     hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz);
+     hesscov(matcov, hess, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz);
      for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
        for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
-         matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
+                                 matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
      printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
+     fprintf(ficlog,"\nCovariance matrix\n ");
      for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
        for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){
-         printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
+                                 printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",matcov[i][j]);
        }
-       printf("\n ");
+       printf("\n ");  fprintf(ficlog,"\n ");
      }
      printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
- Line 7411  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9713  Interval (in months) between two waves:
      replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
+                 ageminpar=50;
+                 agemaxpar=100;
      if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == AGEOVERFLOW){
          printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
  This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
- Line 7418  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9722  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
  This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
-     }else
+     }else{
+                         printf("Warning! ageminpar %f and agemaxpar %f have been fixed because for simplification until it is fixed...\n\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
+                         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! ageminpar %f and agemaxpar %f have been fixed because for simplification until it is fixed...\n\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
        printinggnuplotmort(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
+                 }
      printinghtmlmort(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                       stepm, weightopt,\
                       model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
- Line 7427  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9734  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
      free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
      free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
      free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
- #ifdef GSL
+     free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
      free_ivector(cens,1,n);
      free_vector(agecens,1,n);
      free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
-     free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
+ #ifdef GSL
  #endif
    } /* Endof if mle==-3 mortality only */
-   /* Standard maximisation */
+   /* Standard  */
-   else{ /* For mle >=1 */
+   else{ /* For mle !=- 3, could be 0 or 1 or 4 etc. */
-     globpr=0;/* debug */
+     globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
-     /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters */
+     /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
      likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
      printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
      for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
        printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
      printf("\n");
-     globpr=1; /* again, to print the contributions */
+     if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2, Real Maximization */
+       /* mlikeli uses func not funcone */
+       mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
+     }
+     if(mle==0) {/* No optimization, will print the likelihoods for the datafile */
+       globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
+       /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
+       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
+     }
+     globpr=1; /* again, to print the individual contributions using computed gpimx and gsw */
      likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
      printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
      for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
        printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
      printf("\n");
-     if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2, Real Maximisation */
-       mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
-     }
      /*--------- results files --------------*/
-     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
+     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
      fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
- Line 7478  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9791  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
          }
        }
      }
-     if(mle!=0){
+     if(mle != 0){
-       /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
+       /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix only at a peak of the Likelihood, that is after optimization */
        ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
-       hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
+       hesscov(matcov, hess, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
-     }
+       printf("Parameters and 95%% confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W .\n But be careful that parameters are highly correlated because incidence of disability is highly correlated to incidence of recovery.\n It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
-     printf("Parameters and 95%% confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W .\n But be careful that parameters are highly correlated because incidence of disability is highly correlated to incidence of recovery.\n It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog, "Parameters, Wald tests and Wald-based confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W \n  It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
-     fprintf(ficlog, "Parameters, Wald tests and Wald-based confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W \n  It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
+       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
-     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
+         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
-       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
+           if (k != i) {
-         if (k != i) {
+             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
-           printf("%d%d ",i,k);
+             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
-           fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
+             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
-           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
+               printf("%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
-             printf("%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
+               fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
-             fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
+               jk++;
-             jk++;
+             }
+             printf("\n");
+             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
            }
-           printf("\n");
-           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
          }
        }
-     }
+     } /* end of hesscov and Wald tests */
+     /*  */
      fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
      printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
- Line 7524  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9838  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
      }
      fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
-     if(mle>=1)
+     if(mle >= 1) /* To big for the screen */
        printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
      /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
- Line 7587  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9901  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
                          fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                        }else{
                          if(mle>=1)
-                           printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
+                           printf(" %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]);
-                         fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
+                         fprintf(ficlog," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]);
-                         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
+                         fprintf(ficres," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]);
                        }
                      }
                    }
- Line 7608  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9922  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
      fflush(ficlog);
      fflush(ficres);
+     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
-     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
+       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
-       ungetc(c,ficpar);
+       if (line[0] == '#') {
-       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
+         numlinepar++;
-       fputs(line,stdout);
+         fputs(line,stdout);
-       fputs(line,ficparo);
+         fputs(line,ficparo);
+         fputs(line,ficlog);
+         continue;
+       }else
+         break;
      }
-     ungetc(c,ficpar);
+     /* while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){ */
+     /*   ungetc(c,ficpar); */
+     /*   fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar); */
+     /*   fputs(line,stdout); */
+     /*   fputs(line,ficparo); */
+     /* } */
+     /* ungetc(c,ficpar); */
      estepm=0;
-     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
+     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm, &ftolpl)) !=EOF){
+       if (num_filled != 6) {
+         printf("Error: Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",line);
+         fprintf(ficlog,"Error: Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",line);
+         goto end;
+       }
+       printf("agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar, bage, fage, estepm, ftolpl);
+     }
+     /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
+     /*ftolpl=6.e-4;*/ /* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
+     /* fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm); */
      if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
      if (fage <= 2) {
        bage = ageminpar;
- Line 7626  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 9963  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
      }
      fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
-     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
+     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d ftolpl=%e\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm, ftolpl);
-     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
+     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d, ftolpl=%e\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm, ftolpl);
      /* Other stuffs, more or less useful */
      while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
        ungetc(c,ficpar);
- Line 7676  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 10013  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
      fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
      /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
+     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
+       ungetc(c,ficpar);
+       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
+       fputs(line,stdout);
+       fputs(line,ficparo);
+     }
+     ungetc(c,ficpar);
+     fscanf(ficpar,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&backcast,&jback1,&mback1,&anback1,&jback2,&mback2,&anback2,&mobilavproj);
+     fprintf(ficparo,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
+     fprintf(ficres,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
+     /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
-      /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
+                 /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
      /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
      replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
      if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == -AGEOVERFLOW){
-         printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
+                         printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
  This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
+                         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
  This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
-     }else
+     }else{
-       printinggnuplot(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
+       printinggnuplot(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, prevfcast, backcast, pathc,p);
+     }
-     printinghtml(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
+     printinghtml(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt, \
-                  model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
+                  model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,prevfcast,backcast, estepm, \
-                  jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
+                  jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,dateprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2,dateprev2);
-    /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
+     /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
-    /*  chdir(path); */
+     /*  chdir(path); */
-     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
+     /* free_ivector(wav,1,imx); */  /* Moved after last prevalence call */
-     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+     /* free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); */
-     free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+     /* free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); */
-     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+     /* free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);    */
      free_lvector(num,1,n);
      free_vector(agedc,1,n);
      /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
      /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
      fclose(ficparo);
      fclose(ficres);
      /* Other results (useful)*/
      /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
      /*#include "prevlim.h"*/  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
      prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
-     prevalence_limit(p, prlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar);
+     prevalence_limit(p, prlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear);
      fclose(ficrespl);
- #ifdef FREEEXIT2
- #include "freeexit2.h"
- #endif
      /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
      /*#include "hpijx.h"*/
      hPijx(p, bage, fage);
      fclose(ficrespij);
-   /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
+     /* ncovcombmax=  pow(2,cptcoveff); */
+     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
      k=1;
      varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
+     /* Prevalence for each covariates in probs[age][status][cov] */
-     probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+     probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
      for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
-       for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
+       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* ndeath is useless but a necessity to be compared with mobaverages */
-         for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
+         for(k=1;k<=ncovcombmax;k++)
            probs[i][j][k]=0.;
+     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
+     if (mobilav!=0 ||mobilavproj !=0 ) {
+       mobaverages= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
+                         for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
+                                 for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
+                                         for(k=1;k<=ncovcombmax;k++)
+                                                 mobaverages[i][j][k]=0.;
+       mobaverage=mobaverages;
+       if (mobilav!=0) {
+                                 if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, mobaverage, mobilav)!=0){
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+                                         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+                                 }
+       }
+       /* /\* Prevalence for each covariates in probs[age][status][cov] *\/ */
+       /* prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
+       else if (mobilavproj !=0) {
+                                 if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, mobaverage, mobilavproj)!=0){
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilavproj=%d\n",mobilavproj);
+                                         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilavproj=%d\n",mobilavproj);
+                                 }
+       }
+     }/* end if moving average */
      /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
      /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
      if(prevfcast==1){
        /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
        prevforecast(fileresu, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
-       /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
-       /*      }  */
-       /*      else{ */
-       /*        erreur=108; */
-       /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
-       /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
-       /*      } */
      }
+     if(backcast==1){
+       ddnewms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
+       ddoldms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
+       ddsavms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
+       /*--------------- Back Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
+       bprlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
+       back_prevalence_limit(p, bprlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass, mobilavproj);
+       fclose(ficresplb);
+       hBijx(p, bage, fage, mobaverage);
+       fclose(ficrespijb);
+       free_matrix(bprlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
+       /* prevbackforecast(fileresu, anback1, mback1, jback1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj,
+          bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anback2, p, cptcoveff); */
+       free_matrix(ddnewms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
+       free_matrix(ddsavms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
+       free_matrix(ddoldms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
+     }
      /* ------ Other prevalence ratios------------ */
-     /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
+     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
+     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
-     prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
+     free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
-     /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
+     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
-         ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
-     */
-     if (mobilav!=0) {
-       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
-       if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
-         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-       }
-     }
      /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
      strcpy(filerese,"E_");
      strcat(filerese,fileresu);
      if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
      }
-     printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
+     printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(stdout);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(ficlog);
-     /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
-       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
      for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
-         fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
+       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
+       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
-           fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                                 fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-         }
+       }
-         fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
+       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
-         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
-         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
-         evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);
-         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
-       /*}*/
+       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+       evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);
+       free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
      }
      fclose(ficreseij);
+     printf("done evsij\n");fflush(stdout);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"done evsij\n");fflush(ficlog);
      /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
      strcpy(filerest,"T_");
      strcat(filerest,fileresu);
      if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
      }
-     printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest);
+     printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(stdout);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(ficlog);
      strcpy(fileresstde,"STDE_");
      strcat(fileresstde,fileresu);
- Line 7821  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 10194  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
        printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
      }
-     printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
+     printf("  Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"  Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
      strcpy(filerescve,"CVE_");
      strcat(filerescve,fileresu);
- Line 7830  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 10203  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
        printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
      }
-     printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
+     printf("    Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"    Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
      strcpy(fileresv,"V_");
      strcat(fileresv,fileresu);
- Line 7839  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 10212  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
        printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
      }
-     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
+     printf("      Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(stdout);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"      Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(ficlog);
      /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
        for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
      for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
-         fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
+       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
+       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
-           fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                                 fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-         fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
+       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
-         fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
+       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
-         fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
+       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
+       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
-           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                                 fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-           fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                                 fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-         }
+       }
-         fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
+       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
-         fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
+       fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
-         fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
+       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
+       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
-           fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                                 fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-         fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
+       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
-         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
+       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
-         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
-         cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);
+       printf(" cvevsij %d, ",k);
-         /*
+       fprintf(ficlog, " cvevsij %d, ",k);
-          */
+       cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);
-         /* goto endfree; */
+       printf(" end cvevsij \n ");
+       fprintf(ficlog, " end cvevsij \n ");
-         vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
-         pstamp(ficrest);
+       /*
+        */
+       /* goto endfree; */
-         for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
-           oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* ZZ Segmentation fault */
+       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
-           cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
+       pstamp(ficrest);
-           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
-           fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
-           if(vpopbased==1)
+       for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
-             fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
+                                 oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* ZZ Segmentation fault */
-           else
+                                 cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
-             fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
+                                 printf("varevsij %d \n",vpopbased);
-           fprintf(ficrest,"# Age popbased mobilav e.. (std) ");
+                                 fprintf(ficlog, "varevsij %d \n",vpopbased);
-           for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
+                                 varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
-           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
-           /* printf("Which p?\n"); for(i=1;i<=npar;i++)printf("p[i=%d]=%lf,",i,p[i]);printf("\n"); */
+                                 if(vpopbased==1)
-           epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
+                                         fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
-           for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
+                                 else
-             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k); /*ZZ Is it the correct prevalim */
+                                         fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
-             if (vpopbased==1) {
+                                 fprintf(ficrest,"# Age popbased mobilav e.. (std) ");
-               if(mobilav ==0){
+                                 for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
-                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+                                 fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
-                   prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
+                                 /* printf("Which p?\n"); for(i=1;i<=npar;i++)printf("p[i=%d]=%lf,",i,p[i]);printf("\n"); */
-               }else{ /* mobilav */
+                                 epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
-                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+                                 printf("Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
-                   prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
-               }
+                                 for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
-             }
+                                         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k); /*ZZ Is it the correct prevalim */
+                                         if (vpopbased==1) {
-             fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav);
+                                                 if(mobilav ==0){
-             /* printf(" age %4.0f ",age); */
+                                                         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-             for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
+                                                                 prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
-               for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
+                                                 }else{ /* mobilav */
-                 epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
+                                                         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-                 /*ZZZ  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
+                                                                 prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
-                 /* printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]); */
+                                                 }
-               }
+                                         }
-               epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
-             }
+                                         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav);
-             /* printf(" age %4.0f \n",age); */
+                                         /* fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav,Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */ /* to be done */
+                                         /* printf(" age %4.0f ",age); */
-             for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
+                                         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
-               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
+                                                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
-                 vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
+                                                         epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
-             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
+                                                         /*ZZZ  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
-             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
+                                                         /* printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]); */
-               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
+                                                 }
-             }
+                                                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
-             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
+                                         }
-           }
+                                         /* printf(" age %4.0f \n",age); */
-         }
-         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+                                         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
-         free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+                                                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
-         free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
+                                                         vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
+                                         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
+                                         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
+                                                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
+                                         }
+                                         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
+                                 }
+       } /* End vpopbased */
+       free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+       free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+       free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
+       printf("done \n");fflush(stdout);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"done\n");fflush(ficlog);
        /*}*/
-     }
+     } /* End k */
      free_vector(weight,1,n);
      free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
      free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
- Line 7940  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 10326  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
      fclose(ficrescveij);
      fclose(ficresvij);
      fclose(ficrest);
+     printf("done Health expectancies\n");fflush(stdout);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"done Health expectancies\n");fflush(ficlog);
      fclose(ficpar);
      /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/
- Line 7950  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 10338  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
        printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
        exit(0);
      }
-     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
+     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(stdout);
+     fprintf(ficlog, "Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(ficlog);
      /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
        for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
      for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
          fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
+                         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
-           fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                                 fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-         fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
+                         fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
-         varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
+                         varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
-         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+                         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
-         varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
+                         varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, strstart);
-         free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+                         free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
        /*}*/
      }
      fclose(ficresvpl);
+     printf("done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(stdout);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(ficlog);
      /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
-     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+     if (mobilav!=0 ||mobilavproj !=0)
-     free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+       free_ma3x(mobaverages,1, AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax); /* We need to have a squared matrix with prevalence of the dead! */
-   }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
+     free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
-  /* endfree:*/
      free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
      free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
+   }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
+  /* endfree:*/
      free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
+     free_ma3x(cotqvar,1,maxwav,1,nqtv,1,n);
+     free_ma3x(cotvar,1,maxwav,1,ntv,1,n);
+     free_matrix(coqvar,1,maxwav,1,n);
      free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
      free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
+     free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
      /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
      free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
      free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
- Line 7989  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 10385  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
      free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
      free_ivector(ncodemaxwundef,1,NCOVMAX);
+     free_ivector(Dummy,-1,NCOVMAX);
+     free_ivector(Fixed,-1,NCOVMAX);
+     free_ivector(Typevar,-1,NCOVMAX);
      free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
      free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
      free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
+     free_ivector(invalidvarcomb,1,ncovcombmax);
      free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
      free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
- Line 8001  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
+ Line 10401  Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct
    if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
-     printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
+     printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings. Please look at the log file for details.\n",nberr,nbwarn);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d. Please look at the log file for details.\n",nberr,nbwarn);
    }else{
      printf("End of Imach\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");

FreeBSD-CVSweb <freebsd-cvsweb@FreeBSD.org>